FOX-7的热分解动力学

本文中采用DSC、加速量热仪和布氏压力法对FOX-7在不同实验条件下的热分解行为进行了研究，得到了FOX-7在敞开体系、绝热体系和真空恒温体系进行分解的动力学参数，结果表明：FOX-7在这3种条件下进行分解的活化能分别为249．89kJ／mol、342．45kJ／mol和337．59kJ／mol，根据DSC数据计算的热爆炸临界温度为213．55℃，这些实验数据为今后预估FOX．7的存储寿命提供了依据．     

一种含FOX-12的低敏感发射药性能研究

为了研究单质炸药FOX-12在发射药中的应用,采用溶剂法制备了三种不同FOX-12含量的发射药;采用DSC对发射药与FOX-12单体进行了分析对比,并进行了密闭爆发器试验;试验结果表明:通过DSC曲线分析,FOX-12发射药热分解温度与FOX-12单体本身热分解温度有关,随着配方中FOX-12含量的增加FOX-12发射药热分解温度增高;通过静态试验分析出FOX-12发射药燃烧稳定,随着配方中FOX-12含量的增加燃速较快;FOX-12-3发射药在高、低、常温下燃烧稳定,低温没有出现碎裂现象。     

HTPE与FOX-7和FOX-12混合体系的热分解

利用差示扫描量热(DSC)法和热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)法得到端羟基聚醚(HTPE)/1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)混合体系和HTPE/N-脒基脲二硝酰胺(FOX-12)混合体系在不同升温速率(2.5,5.0,10.0,20.0℃·min~(-1))下的热分解曲线,用Kissinger公式和Ozawa公式计算了HTPE、HTPE/FOX-7和HTPE/FOX-12体系热分解的表观活化能。结果表明,HTPE的热分解过程为一个失重过程,其表观活化能E_k为127.45 kJ·mol~(-1)。Kissinger公式和Ozawa公式计算的HTPE/FOX-7混合体系表观活化能分别为288.16 kJ·mol~(-1)和270.85 kJ·mol~(-1),HTPE/FOX-12混合体系的表观活化能分别为179.50 kJ·mol~(-1)和170.35 kJ·mol~(-1)。对于同一体系,两种公式计算的结果基本一致。与单组份(FOX-7或FOX-12)相比,HTPE/FOX-7和HTPE/FOX-12体系的表观活化能分别降低了17.1~34.5 kJ·mol~(-1)和78.8~87.9 kJ·mol~(-1)。HTPE均降低了2种钝感含能组份(FOX-7和FOX-12)的(主)分解峰温度,FOX-7高温分解放热峰峰温降低了14.4℃,FOX-12的分解放热峰峰温降低了17.4℃。HTPE/FOX-7混合体系分解放热量增加了196.2 J·g~(-1),而HTPE/FOX-12混合体系分解放热量减少了275.2 J·g~(-1)。     

含FOX-12硝胺发射药的燃烧特性

采用DSC-TG、密闭爆发器、中止燃烧试验装置,研究了含N-脒基脲二硝酰胺盐(FOX-12)的硝胺发射药的热分解和燃烧特性。结果表明:该硝胺发射药中的NC-NG体系和FOX-12一起开始分解,加入FOX-12使硝胺发射药的燃速压力指数降低,其值小于1,随着FOX-12含量的增加,硝胺发射药的压力指数在低压段(10～20 MPa)降低幅度大于中高压段(40～240 MPa)的幅度。     

二硝酰胺盐的放大合成工艺及性能表征

为安全、高效地制备二硝酰胺盐产品,以氨基磺酸铵作为前体,经硝硫混酸低温硝化,该反应液与含脒基脲的惰性溶液进行中和反应得到N-脒基脲二硝酰胺盐(FOX-12),再经离子交换反应制得二硝酰胺钾(KDN)和二硝酰胺铵(ADN)。用元素分析、红外、密度、DSC和感度测试进行了FOX-12、KDN和ADN的的表征和性能测试。结果表明,实验过程中水解温度稳定在30~45℃,实现了FOX-12、KDN和ADN的合成工艺放大。表征数据与文献值一致。粗品纯度均大于98%;FOX-12、KDN和ADN的熔点分别为212,128,92℃。FOX-12、KDN的感度低于RDX,ADN的感度与RDX相当。     

1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯的研究进展

概述了目前在1，1-二氨基．2，2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)及相关领域开展的主要工作，包括FOX-7的理论计算、合成方法、表征和分析、酸碱性质、相变行为、物化性质和热性能、感度和爆轰性能的研究进展，对其研究应用前景作了展望。     

热刺激作用下FOX-7颗粒形貌演化对其力学特性及感度的影响

为研究1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯（FOX-7）颗粒在热刺激作用下的形貌演化过程及其对力学特性及机械感度的影响规律，选取4种具有典型粒径及形貌差异的FOX-7颗粒，通过控制加热时间及温度，并采用扫描电子显微镜、压缩刚度实验、机械感度测试等手段研究了FOX-7颗粒在受热后的形貌、力学特性及机械感度演化历程。结果表明，受热并恢复室温后，FOX-7颗粒表面会出现裂纹，随着加热温度升高或加热时间延长，大粒径颗粒（>100μm）的表面裂纹进一步扩展生长并形成贯穿，颗粒层状开裂、发生片状剥离；小粒径颗粒（<100μm）的表面裂纹不会随着加热温度升高或加热时间延长而进一步扩展生长。采用Kawakita方程对加热前后的FOX-7颗粒压制曲线进行拟合，发现受热后颗粒模量均增大，而小粒径颗粒的增幅更大。在颗粒粒径较大的情况下，FOX-7机械感度相对较低，在受热并恢复室温后仍可维持较低的机械感度；当颗粒粒径较小，FOX-7机械感度相对较高，在受热并恢复室温后，机械感度显著上升，可能与其模量增幅更大有关。     

不同形貌FOX-7炸药的制备及其性能表征

含能材料晶体的粒度和形貌对其性能影响较大,为了研究1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯（FOX-7）炸药晶体形貌、粒度与其热分解性能的关系,采用溶剂-非溶剂法制备得到了不同形貌、粒度的FOX-7炸药颗粒。使用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪和撞击感度测试仪分别对FOX-7炸药的晶体形貌、粒度、晶型、热分解性能和安全性能进行了表征和测试。结果表明,通过改变降温速率、搅拌速率等工艺条件,可以得到海胆形、球形、花状和块状等不同形貌的FOX-7炸药颗粒,所制备的FOX-7炸药晶型与原料一致,均为α型;粒度和形貌对FOX-7分子内氢键的断裂和共轭体系的破坏影响较大,球形形貌有利于提高FOX-7的热分解温度;同一形貌的FOX-7样品,粒径越大,热稳定性越好。在粒径为几十微米的FOX-7样品中,球形形貌的FOX-7样品安全性能最好。     

五种常用单质炸药对FOX-7晶型转变的影响

将1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)与环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)、1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯(TATB)、1-氧-2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪(LLM-105)、环四亚甲基四硝胺(HMX)和六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)五种常用单质炸药分别以质量比为1∶1混合,获得五种含FOX-7的混合炸药。采用变温X-射线粉末衍射技术,研究了温度对混合炸药中FOX-7晶型转变的影响。升温过程,在105~125℃,五种混合炸药中FOX-7都发生了α→β相转变;当继续升温时,HMX/FOX-7、LLM-105/FOX-7混合炸药中FOX-7并未发生β→γ晶型转变过程;降温过程中,RDX/FOX-7和CL-20/FOX-7混合炸药中FOX-7没有发生γ→β晶型转变,而是直接发生γ→α晶型转变;而FOX-7在其它三种混合炸药中的降温过程晶型转变与升温过程晶型转变是可逆的,即在降温过程发生从γ→β或β→α的晶型转变。     

FOX-7的表面能研究

通过接触角、Young-Good-G irifalco-Fowke方程测定研究了FOX-7的表面能以及氟聚合物溶液对FOX-7的润湿性能。理论计算表明FOX-7的表面能及其与氟聚合物的界面作用力均与TATB相当,氟聚合物可对FOX-7、TATB形成良好的润湿与包覆,且对TATB效果略好于FOX-7;在界面间酸碱作用中,FOX-7分子的碱性作用较大,给电子能力强。实际包覆结果显示,氟聚合物对FOX-7、TATB的包覆性能基本属于同一水平。     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Parameter Identification for the Valve Control Cylinder System of a Hydraulic Manipulator

In mechanical, hydraulic and electronic systems, the determination of system parameters is often challenging because liquid parameters often change significantly, due to variations in working and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is of significant practical importance to identify those parameters through experimental procedures. A systematic approach to identifying parameters in the valve controlling cylinder system of hydraulic manipulators is provided. It first derives the transfer function of the system, and then uses P control of PID control to predict system parameters. The predicted parameters are further validated using PID control. The prediction through simulation using MatLab language is utilized, which agrees well with experimental results.     

Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Combustion Field in the Combustion Chamber

In order to study the effect of rotation on the combustion in the underwater vehicle, a two-phase turbulent combustion process is described with Reynolds stress turbulence model, eddy-dissipation turbulent combustion model, P-1 radiation model and particle tracking model of liquid. The flow in the rotating combustion chamber is simulated at two different working speeds, 0 r/min and 1 000 r/min by Fluent software. The temperature, gas velocity, static pressure of wall and fuel concentration are computed and compared. The results show that the combustion in rotating combustor is faster and more effective.     

Software Communication Architecture Implementation and Its Waveform Application

This paper attempts to do a research on the development of software defined radio（SDR） based on software communication architecture（SCA）. Firstly, SCA is studied and a whole reference model of SCA3.0 core framework （CF） is realized; Secondly, an application-specific FM3TR waveform is implemented on the platform of common software based on the reference model; Thirdly, from the point of view of real-time performance and software reuse, tests and validations are made on the above realized CF reference model and FM3TR waveform. As a result, the SCA-compliant SDR has favorable interoperability and software portability and can satisfy the real-time performance requirements which are not too rigorous.     

Dynamic Simulation of the Tank Gun Recoil Response

By using the ATV module of MSC. ADAMS, the dynamic simulation of recoil response of tank gun is analyzed.How the recoil force affects the bodywork and the suspension during gun firing, as well as the changing status of the gun muzzle‘s velocity are gained. All results and analyzing methods are offered for the designing basis of optimizing tank vehicle-gun match. The constructive exploration is beneficial to improving the general capability of tank.     

Survey of Controllable Suspension System for Off-road Vehicles

The controllable suspension system can improve the performances of off-road vehicles both on road and cross-country. So far, four controllable suspensions, that is, body height control, active, semi-active and slow-active suspensions, have been developed. For off-road vehicles, the slow-active suspension and the semi-active suspension which have controllable stiffness, damping and body height are more appropriate to use. For many years, some control methodologies for controllable suspension systems have been developed along with the development of modern control theory, and two or more original control methods are integrated as a new control method. Today, for military or civilian off-road vehicles, the R&D of controllable suspension systems is ongoing.     

Finite Element Analysis of Fretting Behavior Between an Engine Cylinder Block and a Main Bearing Cap

The finite element analysis of the fretting behavior between a cylinder block and a main bearing cap is presented. The stresses, relative fretting slip, fretting friction work parameter W and crack initiation location parameter G on the fretting contact surface of the cylinder block are obtained and analyzed. It shows that the fretting fatigue problem of the cylinder block can be quantitatively explained by W or G. The effects of pretightening force, friction factor and material combination of the cylinder block and the main bearing cap are studied. The computational results indicate that the fretting fatigue of the cylinder block can be allayed by increasing the elastic modulus of the cylinder block, but not by changing the other two factors.     

An Efficient Key Agreement Framework to MANET

Protocols for key management are compared and evaluated from the point of view on mobile ad hoe networks （MANET）. The issues of fault-tolerance and efficiency of key distribution protocols for group communications in MANET are addressed. Most key distribution protocols existing today are primarily designed for wlre-line networks. These protocols either fail to work as intended or cannot work at all when they are applied to the demanding environment of MANET. Parameters and performance of different protocols are analyzed, and then a fiat is given out, on which new protocols or existing ones are designed and modified, so that they can be robust, scalable and efficient in MANET.     

A Physical Model of Electromagnetic Force from PEMA Acted on Metal Projectiles

Electromagnetic armor is a new conceptual combat vehicle technology, which improves remarkably the defensive capability and maneuverability of vehicles. The authors present definitely to apply the electromagnetic theory to analyze the electromagnetic armor. Based on electromagnetics, the experienced expression of projectile and the physical model of PEMA （passive electromagnetic armor） are obtained when electric current flows through the system, and a computer sim- ulation is given.     

The Kinematics Analysis of the Hydraulic Mine-clearing Mechanical Manipulator

Through analyzing the kinematics of the hydraulic manipulator operating system, according to the rules for set-ing up the D-H coordinate system, the generalized coordinate of the manipulator system is established. The rotating and moving joints are selected from the mechanism as joint variables. Each generalized transformation matrix of joints is worked out. The kinematics equation at the finger end of the manipulator is calculated. The obverse solution for the manipulator is gained. The geometrical operating parameters and primary technical specification of the manipulator system are simulated through the computer. The simulative result has shown that the manipulator operating system meets the working task requirements. This research provides theoretical basis for optimizing structural parameters of the manipulator operating. So it also is justified the feasibility for mechanical manipulators to be used in the engineering equipment platform of the hydraulic excavator.