方腔内石蜡固液相变及其非线性特性分析

采用基于焓法的Solidification/Melting模型研究了固相区石蜡受热融化的相变特性以及液相区石蜡的流动特性.结果 表明:在相同边界条件下方腔内石蜡融化出现多解现象,融化速率也不同;在液相区,底部石蜡液相区自然对流的流动状态受Ra影响;当Ra=3.5×104时相空间轨迹表现为一定点;当Ra=2.19×105时相空间轨迹表现为极限环;当Ra=2.3×106时相空间轨迹表现为混沌状;控制上下壁面温度恒定,通过改变模型的高度来改变Ra,可以控制液相区流场的最终状态.     

带前缘对吹孔涡轮导向叶片气膜冷却特性实验

为获得涡轮导向叶片气膜冷却特性,在叶栅风洞中运用红外热成像技术进行了带前缘对吹孔涡轮导向叶片的气膜冷却特性实验。叶片前缘布置5排复合角气膜孔形成对吹孔结构,其特点是叶片高度方向的上下两部分气膜孔径向角都偏向中截面。吸力面和压力面分别布置5排和16排圆形孔。测试的叶栅入口雷诺数为1.2×105,2.4×105和3.6×105,吹风比为1.0,1.5和2.0。实验结果表明：从前缘对吹孔出流的冷气向吸力面和压力面中截面聚集,导致中截面区域气膜覆盖效果增强;吹风比为1.0时,前缘和压力面中截面换热系数低;随吹风比增加中截面换热增强,压力面和吸力面高换热区域沿流向变长;雷诺数为1.2×105时,压力面气膜覆盖呈发散状;雷诺数为2.4×105和3.6×105时,压力面气膜覆盖宽度沿流向先变窄后变宽。     

重庆都市区居民食品水足迹消耗供需平衡研究

研究食品水足迹消耗对区域水资源持续利用具有重要意义。基于虚拟水和水足迹理论,核算了2001～2011年重庆都市区食品水足迹供给量、食品水足迹消耗量和食品水足迹贸易量,并分析三者变化的原因。研究结果表明,食品水足迹供给量由2001年的20.05×108m3下降到2011年的17.43×108m3,食品水足迹消耗量由2001年的35.43×108m3增长到2011年的46.57×108m3;食品水足迹供给量小于消耗量,食品水足迹进口量由2001年的18.343×108m3增长到2011年的30.882×108m3。生产规模缩小是食品水足迹供给量下降的原因,人口增长和生活水平提高导致食品水足迹消耗量增长。在进口食品水足迹的同时需改进生产方式和调整食品消耗模式,以缓解食品水足迹供需矛盾。     

叉排板束换热器传热特性数值研究

为提高换热器的传热性能,设计了叉排板束换热器,利用Fluent软件中的RNG k-ε模型数值研究了叉排板束的传热特性。分析了叉排板束排数对于整体Nu的影响以及板束的局部传热特性,比较了不同横纵比对整体Nu的影响,并给出不同Re下叉排板束的Nu经验公式。实验结果表明：叉排板束整体传热性能随板排数的增多而增强,当达到一定排数后传热性能趋于稳定,不同Re下趋于稳定的排数不同,当Re=4.3×105时进入稳定阶段需13排,当Re=4.3×103时进入稳定阶段仅需7排;叉排板束局部传热性能在各板排中先增大后减小,在第2~4排局部Nu达到峰值,板的局部传热性能在两个直角处以及撞击点位置大大增强;板束在横纵比为5时传热性能最佳,横纵比大于或小于5时,传热性能均会减弱;给出Re在1~500,500~1 000,1 000~200 000范围内板束整体Nu拟合公式,当Re>30 000时,与叉排圆管束相比,叉排板束传热性能提高25%     

尾缘双穿孔对翼型性能影响研究

相关研究表明多孔尾缘在降低翼型噪声的同时,对其气动性能也有一定影响,且穿孔几何尺寸和位置是影响尾缘翼型噪声与气动特性的重要参数。针对NACA65019翼型,在来流雷诺数Re=2×105条件下,采用计算流体力学方法研究具有不同穿孔孔径和位置的尾缘双穿孔翼型绕流特征和噪声特性,并通过部分实验验证模拟的可靠性。研究结果表明：尾缘双穿孔翼型在小攻角下,升阻比较原翼型有较明显的提升,当来流攻角大于12 °后,升阻比开始小于原翼型;在一定来流攻角范围内,尾缘双穿孔翼型可延迟吸力面分离,降低吸力面边界层厚度;边界层厚度的降幅与穿孔孔径、穿孔位置密切相关,最大可达28.8%。根据相关声学理论模型,分析了穿孔孔径及位置对尾缘双穿孔翼型噪声特性的影响,经数值研究表明：α=6°时,在100~7 kHz频率范围,不同的尾缘双穿孔翼型相较于原翼型噪声降低最高可达10.7 dB;d=1.0 mm和Xc/c=0.82翼型效果最佳。     

加热方向对方腔内相变石蜡储热性能影响研究

为探究方腔内相变石蜡的储热性能,基于等效热容法和Boussinesq假设,建立相变石蜡融化储热计算模型,并针对加热方向及约束形式等因素对相变石蜡的储热性能的影响进行研究,并开展相变石蜡融化试验,验证计算模型的正确性。结果表明：相变石蜡融化储热过程是由热传导和自然对流传热综合决定的,其中自然对流传热在相变石蜡融化储热过程中起着极为显著的促进作用;不同加热方向下,相变石蜡表现出截然不同的融化储热效率,其中顶、底、侧边单独加热下的自然对流传热效应依次使储热效率提升了0.01,27.9和13.1倍,即底部热源的储热效率最高;在四面加热下,固相因无约束而下沉至底部,并抑制底部热壁面的自然对流传热效应,此时顶、底、侧热壁面的储热贡献率分别为17.3%,37.3%和22.7%;当固相运动被预埋热电偶等因素限制时,将形成钟型融化前缘,该形态包含了各热壁面单独加热下的融化储热特征,此时顶、底、侧热壁面的储热贡献率分别为19.2%,29.8%和25.5%。     

基于DES方法的变形叶片气动性能数值模拟研究

针对适用于垂直轴风力机的叶片,以NACA0012作为基准翼型,采用DES湍流模型,在来流雷诺数Re=1×106的情况下进行了等厚度翼型中弧线主动变形运动的数值模拟研究。选用弦长c=0.601 m,展向长度B=1 m,攻角α为15°(浅失速攻角)和18°(深失速攻角),变形频率f为0.5,2和5 Hz,变形幅值A〖DD(-*2〗-〖DD)〗为0.1c的参数条件,对比变形翼型与不变形翼型的气动性能。研究表明：在深失速攻角下变形翼型相较于不变形翼型,其升力系数提升52%以上,阻力系数减小64%以上,气动性能可得到有效提升,且变形翼型在特定工况下能有效减小翼型表面分离区及分离涡尺度。     

圆管蓄热器的传热及非线性研究

通过ANSYS FLUENT软件对圆管内的石蜡受热融化的相变传热过程进行计算分析,结果表明,传热过程中因为自然对流的存在而具有非线性特性;采用时间序列法和相轨迹图法对流动非线性分析,结果表明,流速由零突增然后再经过一段的无规律振荡后最终逐渐趋向于稳定保持不变。     

小型步进齿梁式高温电阻炉的炉底结构

要求 1)技术条件 额定温度 1050℃ 生产率 W=110～150根/h 棒材加热时间 t=18min 炉温均匀性 ±7.5℃ 材质:50CrVA、60Si2Mn 产品规格 φ14×2708mm φ15×3130mm φ18.6×3120mm φ19.6×3650mm 棒料在加热过程中不能有划伤、明显的变形,棒料温度均匀不能有黑印等。 2)车间空间较小,炉子的体积受车间空间的限制。     

受热面上冰柱排的融化机理研究

利用受热面上的一排冰柱来模仿雪或霜层的多孔骨架在空气中的融化特性。通过流固界面耦合传热算法,利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件FLUENT对冰柱排融化过程进行了数值模拟。通过对冰柱排在不同受热温度、水平风速及冰柱与空气接触面积的情况下进行数值模拟,得到冰柱排在不同工况下的融化时间。结果表明:随底面受热温度的升高,融化时间有较为明显的缩短;水平风速(273K)的提高并没有明显地促进冰柱排的融化,主要是因为送风温度没有显著高于冰柱的熔点;当其它定解条件相同,在一定的冰柱与空气接触面积范围内,冰柱与空气的接触面积越大,其融化的速度也相对较快。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.