入流条件对同轴射流旋流燃烧室内湍流流动模拟的影响

应用一种新的代数Reynolds应力模型对同轴射流旋流燃烧室内两股射流为同向旋转和反向旋转条件下的湍流旋流流动进行了数值模拟。为得到合理的流场分布结果，研究了入流条件对同轴射流旋流燃烧室内湍流流动模拟结果的影响。计算中对旋流燃烧室进口处两股旋转射流的轴向与切向速度采用了均匀分布和实验测量分布两种方式来给定。将两种进口速度分布条件下得到的燃烧室内气体轴向与切向速度分布计算结果与实验数据进行了比较。     

分级进风旋流燃烧室内湍流燃烧的数值模拟

应用考虑湍流-化学反应相互作用的代数二阶矩-概率密度函数(PDF)湍流燃烧模型,对分级进风旋流燃烧室内两组工况下的甲烷湍流燃烧进行了数值模拟,得到的二氧化碳浓度和气体轴向脉动速度均方根值分布与实验数据相符合,得到的气体轴向和切向速度、轴向一切向脉动速度关联量、温度和氧气浓度分布与实验数据基本相符合.研究结果表明,选取适当的二次风率可以起到优化燃烧过程的作用.     

旋流燃烧室内丙烷湍流燃烧的数值模拟

提出并建立了丙烷湍流四步反应的温度脉动简化概率密度函数模型．应用该模型对旋流燃烧室内的丙烷湍流燃烧进行了数值模拟．计算中分别采用了Kiehne和Jones的两种丙烷四步反应机理．结果表明，基于Kiehne机理可得到与实验相符合的气体轴向与切向速度，轴向脉动速度均方根值和温度，以及氧气、二氧化碳、丙烷、一氧化碳与氢气体积分数的分布．     

浮力对湍流旋流火焰影响的数值模拟

采用浮力修正的k-ε湍流模型和涡团耗散（EDC）湍流燃烧模型,对旋流燃烧室内具有不同初始切向动量或旋流数的受浮力作用的甲烷湍流火焰进行了数值模拟,得到三组工况下的气体温度场、组分体积分数场、速度场和湍流脉动特性的分布,并与试验测量数据进行了比较.结果表明：浮力对初始切向动量或旋流数较高的湍流火焰有更强的影响.     

燃料中心进入的旋流燃烧数值模拟

采用统一二阶矩(USM)旋流燃烧模型对旋流数为0.5的美国Sandia国家实验室甲烷-空气旋流火焰进行了数值模拟.预报的轴向、切向时均速度、脉动速度均方根值、温度以及CO2和H2O浓度分布都和实验值吻合,验证了统一二阶矩模型的可靠性.从测量值和预报值可以看出,火焰几乎就位于回流区内,燃烧过程进行得很快,回流区的存在强化了燃烧.     

不同湍流模型对强旋流动的数值模拟

在径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器单相冷态试验的基础上，充分考虑旋转对湍流流场的影响，有用k-ε双方程及其修正模型和二阶矩雷诺应力模型（DSM），对流旋煤粉燃烧器出口强旋流场进行了数值模拟。数值计算结果表明：k-ε双方程模型定性上可以预报出强旋流场的主要特点，但回流区的预报区域偏大，轴向速度的预报结果与试验值有一定差距，预报的回流速度偏低，速度衰减过快，这是由于k-ε湍流模型采用了较多的简化和未考虑旋转对湍流的影响。采用基于旋转体系使湍流脉动加强和削弱两种作用的修正方法对k-ε双方程的湍流耗散率方程进行修正。计算结果表明：从旋转体系可使湍流能量加强出发的Bardina涡量修正方法，预报回流区范围较标准k-ε湍流模型缩小，更加接近于试验值。其计算结果优于使湍流 脉动削弱的Richardson修正。DSM模型对轴向回流速度和切向速度后期分布预报结果较上述模型有较大改善，可体现出湍流雷诺应力非均匀各向异性的特点，虽然此模型仍有收敛速度慢、计算时间长的缺点，但对预报强旋流动是一个精度较高、极具潜力的方法 。图9参11     

管道中旋流喷嘴雾化流场的速度分布特性

离心式旋流雾化喷嘴内流场的速度分布决定了喷嘴的雾化性能。利用VOF两相流模型和RNG k-ε湍流模型对管道中减温水通过旋流喷嘴雾化并与过热蒸汽混合的整个流动过程进行了三维数值模拟,获得了喷嘴雾化场的流动过程,着重分析了内外流场的速度分布特性。研究表明:流体通过离心式旋流喷嘴的切向孔后变成旋转流体,从喷嘴出口螺旋喷出后,迅速由液柱变为沿一定的锥角扩散的液膜,液膜逐渐雾化为液滴;在喷嘴内部的旋转流体,其合速度与切向速度沿径向,都是先增加后减小;随着流通截面发生改变,其速度的变化主要发生在轴向分量上,切向速度的变化比较小;流体从旋流喷嘴喷出雾化,会在喷嘴出口中心轴线附近形成回流区;当管道中的流体具有一定的流速时,还会在喷嘴前壁边缘附近形成回流区。     

壁面约束对旋流流场影响的实验研究

为深入认识旋涡流动的受限特征以及解决一些文献中出现的分歧,使用2D-3C粒子影像测速仪(PIV)研究了壁面约束对某典型非预混旋流杯的冷、热态流场的影响。实验结果表明:开放空间下流场存在中心回流区,旋流杯出口锥形渐扩段扩张角决定射流宽度,进而影响回流区宽度。流场受限时,回流区收缩变窄,轴向射流峰值速度增大且贴着壁面内侧运动;此外,脉动速度分布特征发生显著变化。入口雷诺数增大导致射流轴向速度、回流强度以及流动湍流度都变大,但回流区结构和脉动速度分布特征几乎没有改变。相对于冷态流场,燃烧工况的回流区明显变短,并且燃烧放热使射流速度和脉动速度都显著增大。较大的速度波动主要分布在旋流射流和回流区的边界附近,即速度剪切层中。     

旋流对驻涡燃烧室湍流流动的影响

为分析旋流对湍流流动的影响,对并排双旋流模式以及无旋流模式下的流场进行了数值模拟。在冷态下,旋流间的相互作用主要影响回流区形态,旋流极大拓展了湍流大脉动区域,适中的旋流更利于维持双涡结构。在热态下,旋流对回流区总体强度的影响比冷态更强烈,双旋流使凹腔湍流脉动受到抑制。燃烧能显著改变凹腔回流区和旋流回流区形态,增强旋流回流区强度,缩小其尺度,但使凹腔回流区尺度和强度均明显减小。燃烧可改善双涡结构,使气流旋动比湍流脉动具有更强的轴向衰减特性。     

旋流燃烧室内甲烷湍流燃烧的数值模拟

为合理考虑湍流-复杂化学反应的相互作用,建立了甲烷湍流四步反应的温度脉动简化概率密度函数(PDF)模型.应用该模型对TECFLAM燃烧室内的甲烷湍流旋流燃烧进行了数值模拟,得到了与实验相符合的气体轴向、径向与切向速度、温度、温度脉动均方根值及甲烷、氧气、二氧化碳与水蒸气质量分数分布.得到的一氧化碳和氢气质量分数分布与实验基本符合.     

发动机气道稳流试验流动过程的相似分析

通过对发动机气道内气体流动过程的相似分析，在雷诺Re准则数足够大的前提下，非定性准则欧拉Eu数和相似不变量无因次涡流NR保持不变。这就证实通过稳流试验来测量气道的流通性能是可行的。通过数理推导，评价参数流量系数μσ真实就是欧拉Eu准则数的一种表现形式。     

平行流蒸发器内气液两相流分配均匀性实验研究

平行流蒸发器内气液两相(特别是液相)在各扁管间的分配对其传热性能影响较大,如果各扁管间的气液分配不均匀其传热性能将显著地下降.在不同气-液流量下实验研究了6种不同形式的平行流蒸发器的分支管液体流量分配情况,实验中观察到流型以环状流为主.研究发现,对于竖直向下流动和竖直向上流动,用通过增加管径的方法不能改善液体流量在各分支管的分配,而主管中气液入口的位置对于流量分配均匀性影响较大.     

浅谈调节阀的流量调节、调节范围及流量特性

通过对调节阀的流量调节、调节范围及流量特性的分析，介绍了调节阀设计及选型中需考虑的几个因素。     

弯管流量计试验研究

弯管流量计是一种有潜力的流量计量仪器。采用试验的方法研究了弯管流量计的流量Q与压差!Δh的关系,以及流量系数随弯径比和弯管直径的变化规律,研究表明流量Q与压差!Δh成线性关系;在弯径比一定的情况下,流量系数随管径而变,并非常数。所以,在应用弯管流量计时,不仅要考虑弯径比的影响,而且要考虑管径的影响。     

锥阀空化现象研究及结构优化

为研究锥阀空化现象,运用ANSYS Fluent流体力学有限元计算软件,分析锥阀在内流和外流两种情形下的流场,得到锥阀在内流和外流两种流动方式下空化区域0~3s内气体的体积分数。计算对比发现,在液体流速和压力的突变区域空化现象明显,外流较内流空化区域大,空化程度比内流严重。为降低空化现象对锥阀型腔造成的损伤,优化锥阀型腔阀芯结构,优化模型1可避免内流时空化的发生,优化模型2在内流和外流情况下均能有效避免空化的发生,优化模型2的结构形式更为合理。研究成果可为锥阀设计提供参考。     

Experimental study for the stratified to slug flow regime transition mechanism of gas-oil two-phase flow in horizontal pipe

Theoretical relations that predict the transition from a stratified pattern to a slug pattern, including a onedimensional wave model that contains less empiricism than the commonly used Taitel-Dukler model, and the ideal model for stratified flow for the gas-liquid flow in horizontal pipes are presented. Superficial velocities of each phase, as the onset of slugging occurs, were predicted, and theoretical analysis was conducted on the stratified to slug flow regime transition. The friction, existing between the fluid and pipe wall, and on the interface of two phases, was especially taken into account. A theoretical model was applied to an experiment about air-oil two-phase flow in a 50 mm horizontal pipe. The effect of pipe diameter on the transition was also studied. The results show that this approach gives a reasonable prediction over the whole range of flow rates, and better agreement has been achieved between predicted and measured critical parameters. __________ Translated from Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2006, 40(10): 1782–1785, 1789 [译自: 上海交通大学学报]     

Shape of isolated bubble in intermittent flows in a horizontal pipe

An experimental study on the shape of a single bubble similar to those observed in a horizontal plug/slug flow was performed using visual observation and conductance probes. The results indicated that the shapes of the bubble nose and the bubble body depend on the Froude number defined by gas/liquid mixture velocity, whereas the shape of the back region of the bubble depends on both the Froude number and bubble length. The photographic images showed that the structural feature of the bubble head is related to the motion characteristics of the bubble. The transition from plug flow to slug flow occurs when the tail of the bubble changes from a staircase to hydraulic jump pattern with the increasing of the Froude number and bubble length. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(5): 276– 285, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20161     

Experimental Studies on The Mechanism and Control of Secondary Flow Losses in Turbine Cascades

This paper summarizes the results of the authors' 4 year experimental studies on the secondary flow losses in turbine cascades. Cascade wind tunnel experiments were carried out concerning the influence of aspect ratios, incidence, turning angles and outer endwall divergent angles in order to unveil the evolution mechanism of secondary flow losses in turbine cascades without end clearance. Some methods for controlling the secondary flows are investigated including the blade leaning, blade cambering, endwall convergence and leading edge extension at two ends of the blade.     

多级精馏装置的节能研究与分析

探讨了几十种基本的多级精馏装置的流程，并从节能的角度研究和分析它们的特点及适用条件。     

Two-Phase Flow Regime Transitions in Microchannels: A Comparative Experimental Study

In recent years, micro-technologies have become very important to cutting edge industries such as aerospace and biotechnology. In the fluidic research area, two-phase flow study in microchannels has been an emerging topic in the past few years. Characteristics of two-phase flow in microchannels such as flow regimes, pressure drop, void fraction, and heat transfer are now being extensively studied by numerous groups. The ultimate goal of this research ranges from compact heat exchangers to small-sized refrigeration systems. One of the major drawbacks in this area to date is the lack of a universal flow regime map enabling the prediction of flow regimes in microchannels.

In the present study, a new test rig was designed and constructed to extend the range of the existing data on flow regimes. Several flow regime maps, for a hydraulic diameter of less than 1.0 mm obtained from a comprehensive literature review, are tested and compared. A total of approximately 1475 experimental data points from present and previous studies performed in channels with Dh ≤ 1.0 mm were used for comparison. Two universal flow regime maps were created, one each for horizontal and vertical channels with a hydraulic diameter ranging between 0.1 mm and 1.0 mm. The resulting universal maps presented here are based on flow regimes observed in all the studies on two-phase flow in microchannels. We suggest that the use of these flow regimes could help diminish the amount of discord present among research groups pertaining to the definition of flow regimes. Based on the comparisons between the universal maps and different experimental flow regime maps, appropriate conclusions on the effects of channel orientation and geometry are suggested.