计及齿轮全柔性的风电机组传动链有限元建模及扭振特性分析

大功率风电机组传动链关键部件柔性直接影响机组扭振特性及疲劳寿命,提出考虑齿轮柔性与啮合柔性的传动链有限元建模及扭振特性分析。首先,基于实际双馈风电机组传动链结构、材料属性与几何参数,考虑齿轮箱内齿轮柔性与齿轮啮合柔性,结合叶片、轮毂、主轴和发电机转子,建立风电机组传动链多柔体有限元模型。其次,基于有限元模态分析理论,提出一种基于矢量位移云图筛选扭振频率的分析方法,获取计及齿轮全柔性影响的风电机组中、低频范围的扭振模态,并与不同传动链模型结果进行比较,验证该文所建模型的有效性。最后,分别分析不同齿轮柔性和齿轮啮合柔性对传动链扭振频率和模态的影响。结果表明,该文所建模型不仅能反映传动链扭振固有的低频频率,而且能反映弯扭耦合产生的中频扭振频率,且相比齿轮啮合柔性,齿轮柔性系数影响传动链高频扭振特性明显。     

随机风载荷对双馈风电机组轴系扭振响应分析

考虑到风电机组柔性传动链在风速持续扰动中易产生机组扭振,研究随机风载荷作用下双馈风电机组扭振响应、扭振传递规律及关键部件的影响程度。首先,考虑叶片、齿轮箱和发电机等关键部件,采用集中质量法,建立双馈风电机组传动链等效3质量块模型。其次,基于小信号分析法对柔性传动链的扭振模态、扭振频率及参与因子进行分析,获取其模态振型图。最后,基于Simulink软件平台,建立考虑随机风载荷作用和传动链柔性的双馈风电机组时域仿真模型,仿真分析在亚同步、超同步工况下的机组轴系扭振响应,并与理想风载荷作用效果进行比较。结果表明:与理想风载荷相比,随机风载荷作用对机组传动链轴系扭振响应影响明显,且在超同步或亚同步运行时,影响扭振的关键部件为发电机转子。     

多机型风电机组机网扭振的模型与机理

分别针对风电场的定桨失速型、直驱式永磁型和双馈异步型风力发电机组3种主流机型的机网扭振机理进行了分析.建立了风力发电机组机网扭振研究的小信号分析模型,包括风力机的机械旋转系统模型、发电机模型、控制模型及电网模型.其中机械旋转系统包括风力机的桨叶、高速轴、齿轮箱、低速轴和发电机转子,等效为3个集中质量块-弹簧模型;发电机、电网及控制模型均在dq坐标系下建立.建立了整个模型的状态方程.通过仿真研究了上述3种机型风电机组机网扭振的单机对无穷大仿真模型,利用输电线路首端三相短路故障激发风电场和电网间的机网扭振现象,得到了转速和转矩的扭振曲线,扭振频率与计算得出的风力发电机组机械旋转系统固有频率吻合,验证了模型的准确性.     

虚拟同步控制下双馈风电机组传动链动态特性分析

虚拟同步发电机针对（VSG）控制对风电机组机械结构影响缺乏认知问题,开展VSG控制下双馈风电机组（DFIG）传动链动态特性分析研究。建立计及传动链柔性的DFIG模型,并通过转子侧变流器实现DFIG的VSG控制。考虑电网频率冲击扰动与风速持续扰动两种情况,通过所建模型仿真对比VSG控制和传统矢量控制下DFIG传动链动态特性,并分别从时域和频域分析VSG关键控制参数对传动链动态特性的影响。结果表明,DFIG运行于VSG控制模式时,电网频率冲击扰动在其传动链激励出大幅度的冲击性自由扭振,风速持续扰动引发其传动链出现大幅度的持续性受迫扭振和幅度较小的持续性自由扭振,且VSG关键控制参数对自由扭振强度影响显著。     

电力系统扰动对汽轮发电机组轴系扭振的影响及其主动控制

采用线性定常二次型全局最优控制理论对电力系统扰动下大型汽轮发电机组轴系产生的扭振进行主动控制,较详细地阐述了三相短路和两相短路的故障原因,讨论了两种故障对最大电磁转矩的影响,计算了发电机组轴系产生的冲击转矩和扭振响应,并利用线性定常二次型全局最优控制理论对这两种故障进行扭振主动控制仿真计算。计算结果证明:采用扭振主动控制技术能有效抑制由于电力系统扰动而引起的大型汽轮发电机组轴系扭振。图7参8     

汽轮机长叶片弯曲与轴系扭转耦合振动研究

为了研究汽轮机轴系扭转振动过程中长叶片弯振与轴扭振之间的耦合影响,参考某汽轮机轴系以及末级叶片的结构和材料数据,分别建立了3种有限元模型:叶-盘模型、简化轴系模型和带一级末级叶栅的叶-轴耦合模型,分析了这3种模型在静止和工作转速下的模态振动特征.结果表明:在叶-轴耦合模型中存在叶片模态、轴振模态和耦合模态3种不同的振动模态,这些模态体现了叶片弯振对轴系扭振的影响;受轴系扭振影响,叶-轴耦合模型中叶片的振动特性与叶-盘模型中相比存在一定的差别,但这种差别并不显著;从叶片安全角度考虑,设计时应同时考虑叶片静频和动频,并以叶片振动特性为基础,着重考虑叶-轴耦合时的振动特性,以避开工频波动可能带来的危害.     

基于变系数滑模控制器的风电机组振动主动控制研究

基于某公司新型8 MW半直驱式风电机组传动链实际参数建立传动链机电控耦合模型，设计机侧变流器速度环变系数滑模控制器，通过采用改变控制策略来增强风电传动链抗干扰能力并减小传动链零部件横向振动。结果表明：当风电机组受到外部突变激励时，在变系数滑模控制器控制下发电机转子对速度追踪效果更好、机械部件横向振动位移显著减小且发电机电流及电磁转矩中的机械频率得到有效抑制。     

300 MW汽轮发电机组在机电耦合作用下的扭振

大型汽轮发电机组轴系扭振是电网系统和机械系统相互作用的结果.以1台300 MW汽轮发电机组扭振模拟机为对象,对轴系扭振和机电耦合次同步谐振的耦合作用进行了模拟试验.结果表明:在三相短路故障激励下,具有串补电容的输电线路比无串补电容的输电线路对机组轴系扭振响应的影响更大;补偿度越高,电力系统中谐振电流明显增大,发生机电耦合次同步振荡的危险性越大.     

汽轮发电机组轴系扭振的时频特征分析

针对电网动态模拟系统和汽轮发电机组轴系扭振模拟机,开展了典型工况及故障扰动下的汽轮发电机组轴系扭振试验研究,并利用非平稳信号的时频分析方法Hilbert-Huang变换（HHT）对轴系的扭振信号进行了分析．结果表明：在短路故障的冲击下,机组有机电互作用的扭振发生时,扭转振动的幅值大幅增加,扭振频率也发生了变化;三维时频图显示了扭振幅值开始增大然后逐渐减小,形成一个瓶颈状的峰谷对应曲线;三相短路故障引起的机电互作用的扭振时间大于两相短路故障引起的机电互作用的扭振时间;Hilbert谱图能获得时间、频率和幅值对应的关系,定量刻画了频率和幅值随时间的变化过程．     

双馈风电机组对电网电压振荡的载荷响应特性

电网电压振荡会引起发电机电磁力矩振荡,增加传动链轴系和塔架左右方向载荷,给传动链和塔架带来一定的疲劳损伤。通过分析发电机电磁力矩振荡频率与电网电压振荡频率的关系,考察传动链轴系载荷、塔架左右方向载荷对发电机电磁力矩振荡的响应特性,从而建立联合仿真模型,对比分析不同电磁力矩振荡频率对传动链轴系载荷、塔架左右方向载荷的影响。结果表明,电网基波频率附近电压振荡会引起发电机电磁力矩低频振荡,进而显著增加传动链轴系和塔架左右方向载荷。     

Mitigation of transient torque reversals in indirect drive wind turbine drivetrains

Bearing failure in wind turbine gearboxes is one of the significant sources of downtime. While it is well-known that bearing failures cause the largest downtime, the failure cause(s) is often elusive. The bearings are designed to satisfy their rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life. However, they often undergo sudden and rapid failure within a few years of operation. It is well-known that these premature failures are attributed to surface damages such as white surface flaking (WSF), white etching cracks (WECs) and axial cracks. In that regard, transient torque reversals (TTRs) in the drivetrain have emerged as one of the primary triggers of surface damage, as explained in this paper. The risk associated with TTRs motivates the need to mitigate TTRs arising in the drivetrain due to various transient events. This paper investigates three TTR mitigation methods. First, two existing devices, namely, the torsional tuned mass damper and the asymmetric torque limiter, are studied to demonstrate their TTR mitigation capabilities. Then, a novel idea of open-loop high-speed shaft mechanical brake control is proposed. The results presented here show that while the torsional tuned mass damper and the asymmetric torque limiter can improve the torsional vibration characteristics of the drivetrain, they cannot mitigate TTRs in terms of eliminating the bearing slip risk associated with TTRs. However, the novel approach proposed here can mitigate TTRs both in terms of improving the torque characteristic in the high-speed shaft and reducing the risk of bearing slip by actuating the high-speed shaft brake at the onset of the transient event. Furthermore, the control method is capable of mitigating TTRs with the mechanical limitations of a pneumatic actuator in terms of bandwidth and initial dead time applied to it. This novel approach allows the wind turbines to protect the gearbox bearings from TTRs using the existing hardware on the turbine.     

空冷600MW汽轮发电机组轴系扭振特性分析

主要研究了空冷600MW汽轮发电机组轴系扭振特性、疲劳寿命损耗,并针对两个特定电厂的接入系统进行网机耦合次同步谐振特性分析。轴系扭振频率和响应计算采用连续质量模型,次同步谐振特性分析采用集中质量模型。计算结果表明,机组扭振频率避开了工频和倍频,轴系不会因共振而破坏;在短路故障轴系扭振是安全的;空冷600MW汽轮发电机组可以用于远距离输电在线路中进行串联电容器补偿。     

Torsional torque suppression of decentralized generators using H∞ observer

The output power fluctuations of renewable energy plants such as wind turbine generators and photovoltaic systems cause frequency deviations and terminal voltage fluctuations. Furthermore, these power fluctuations also affect the turbine shaft of diesel generator and gas-turbine generators which are usually the main electric power systems in isolated islands. This paper presents a control strategy that achieves torsional torque suppression and power system stabilization. Since the measurement of the torsional torque is technically difficult and there is uncertainty in mechanical constants of the shaft torsional system, the torsional torque is estimated by using a H_∞ observer. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control system.     

Torsional torque suppression of generator based on H∞ control theory in isolated power system

Renewable energy power plants, such as wind turbine generator and photovoltaic system, have been introduced in isolated power system recently. The output power fluctuations of wind turbine generator and load deviations result in frequency deviation and terminal voltage fluctuation. Furthermore, these power fluctuations also affect the turbine shafting of diesel generators and gas‐turbine generators, which are the main components of power generation systems in isolated islands. For stable operation of gas‐turbine generator, the torsional torque suppression as well as power system stabilization should be considered. In this paper, the control strategy that achieves torsional torque suppression and power system stabilization is presented based on H_∞ control theory. The effectiveness of the proposed control system is validated by numerical simulation results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling–based approach for digital control design for nonlinear WECS in the power system

The case has been established that the wind power plant must be treated as an integral part of the electric system, thereby constituting the wind energy conversion system. Recent advancement in size and technology of wind turbines requires sophisticated control systems to effectively optimize energy conversion and enhance grid integration. As a first step toward controller design, modelling has become a prerequisite. This paper explores controller design based on modelling the wind speed as a stochastic process, and the wind turbine as a multi‐mass system with a soft shaft linking the turbine with the doubly fed induction generator. A control strategy incorporating a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) that relies on state estimation for full‐state feedback is proposed to augment a linear controller for generator torque control. The control objectives are to reduce stresses on the drivetrain and to ensure operation geared toward optimal power conversion. This study focuses on above‐rated wind speeds, and the LQG's main purpose is to add damping to the drivetrain, thereby minimizing cyclic fatigue, while a pitch control mechanism prevents rotor overspeed, thereby maintaining rated power. Simulations show the efficacy of the proposed paradigm in meeting the control objectives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Qualitative performance assessment of semiconductor switching device,converter and generator candidates for 10 MW offshore wind turbine generators

This paper investigates the possibilities of viable power electronics converters, semiconductor switching devices and electric machines for 10 MW variable‐speed wind turbine generators. The maximum rated power of existing wind turbine configurations is in the range of 6 MW. The proposed alternatives are compared against several technical and economical factors, and their advantages over the present wind turbines are highlighted. A comprehensive performance comparison of modern power semiconductor devices, their electrical characteristics and the key differentiators among them are presented. The power electronics converters considered include all commercially available multilevel voltage source and current source converters as well as the opportunities offered by power electronics building block‐based design. The factors used for the comparison include the converter power range, capacitor voltage balancing, common mode voltage and current, electromagnetic interference emissions, fault ride‐through capability, reliability, footprint, harmonic performance, efficiency and losses, component count, risk of torsional vibration by the harmonics and inter‐harmonics, complexity, ease of back‐to‐back operation and filtering requirements. For the electric machines, this study concentrates on high‐temperature superconducting machines, multi‐phase induction machines and permanent magnet synchronous machines. These machines are compared against existing wind generator technologies in terms of their power range, torque density, efficiency, fault ride‐through capability, reliability, footprint, harmonic performance, ease of fault detection, excitation control, noise and vibration signature, oscillation damping, gearbox requirement, cost and the size of the associated converter. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风力发电机组的自适应转矩控制及载荷优化

针对变速变桨风力发电机组(variable speed variable pitch,VSVP)如何在低风速时最大限度捕获风能以及在额定风速以上降低传动链载荷进行研究。低风速时在研究了传统风能追踪控制策略的基础上,文中提出通过改变最优增益系数来追踪最佳风能利用系数的自适应转矩控制策略。同时针对风力发电机组传动链的扭转振动,提出了基于发电机转速反馈滤波的转矩纹波控制方式。以2MW变速变桨风力发电机组为验证对象,基于Blade软件平台对所采用的控制策略进行仿真研究。结果表明：所提出的自适应转矩控制策略能够更好的追踪最大功率点,同时采用转矩纹波能够降低传动链载荷     

汽轮发电机组轴系弯扭耦合振动问题研究综述

汽轮发电机组轴系由于存在质量不平衡和电磁扰动,在轴系中存在着弯曲振动,在发电机转子存在扭转振动,此前的研究工作大多将轴系的弯曲振动和扭转振动分别进行研究,但在工程实际的某些条件下,研究表明存在着弯扭耦合振动问题。对系统的弯扭耦合振动研究能对振动机理和运行规律有更为深入的认识和更为准确地反映机组的运行状态。总结了汽轮机组轴系弯扭耦合振动问题的研究现状,并对弯扭耦合的研究问题进行了展望。     

Improving wind turbine drivetrain designs to minimize the impacts of non‐torque loads

Non‐torque loads induced by the wind turbine rotor overhang weight and aerodynamic forces can greatly affect drivetrain loads and responses. If not addressed properly, these loads can result in a decrease in gearbox component life. This work uses analytical modeling, computational modeling and experimental approaches to evaluate two distinct drivetrain designs that minimize the effects of non‐torque loads on gearbox reliability: a modified three‐point suspension drivetrain studied by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) and the Pure Torque® drivetrain developed by Alstom. In the original GRC drivetrain, the unequal planetary load distribution and sharing were present and they can lead to gear tooth pitting and reduce the lives of the planet bearings. The NREL GRC team modified the original design of its drivetrain by changing the rolling element bearings in the planetary gear stage. In this modified design, gearbox bearings in the planetary gear stage are anticipated to transmit non‐torque loads directly to the gearbox housing rather than the gears. Alstom's Pure Torque drivetrain has a hub support configuration that transmits non‐torque loads directly into the tower rather than through the gearbox as in other design approaches. An analytical model of Alstom's Pure Torque drivetrain provides insight into the relationships among turbine component weights, aerodynamic forces and the resulting drivetrain loads. In Alstom's Pure Torque drivetrain, main shaft bending loads are orders of magnitude lower than the rated torque and hardly affected by wind speed, gusts or turbine operations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.