In order to study and further improve the oxidation stability, the biodiesel (B100) was dosed with a suitable antioxidant (pyrogallol) and stored for 6 months. The acid value, peroxide value, and kinematic viscosity which are closely associated with oxidation behavior were studied. It was found that biodiesel dosed with an antioxidant showed the least increase in the acid value, peroxide value, and kinematic viscosity. Also, induction period was improved and found to be within the American Society for Testing and Materials limit . Thus, the high FFA oil-based biodiesel with a suitable antioxidant can be used as a potential feedstock to resolve the issue of the high cost of biodiesel production. 相似文献
This paper studied the biodiesel policy in Thailand. Although the Thai government had launched a plan 8 years back, the plan could not meet its expected target. The policy was then extended to a 15-year plan. The goal is changed, using more biodiesel: 492.75 million liters in 2008 compared with 1642.5 million liters in 2022. The problems are politics, lack of raw materials, standard of specifications, no clear subsidized policy, and farmers’ lack technology. 相似文献
In particular, the long-term objective is to keep the cost of support structures below about 20% of the total system cost.
A unit of about 200 modules was investigated in the Chianti Region of Castellina and in this paper results will be presented on the following topics
-the feasibility study of the most appropriate solution of a low-cost, simple, light-weight (0.3 kg/Wp), flexible and continuous array support structure (made of timber and steel wires).
-The study of the soil and of the site including site preparation by simple machines.
-The design of the solution retained valid after the imposed limitations for the plant approval.
-The construction and assembling of the entire P.V. plant.
-The measurements' campaigns carried out on the main structural components and the discussion of these results compared with design assumptions.
-The extrapolation of the real costs to larger P.V. units.
-The conclusive remarks on the experience acquired during the implementation of the project, its realization, its testing and operation over more than 18 months of life-time. 相似文献
The experiment consists of the design, construction, and operation on the Island of Vulcano ( Sicily), of a plant for the production of electric power by means of a stand-alone photovoltaic system.
Alternatively, the plant can supply energy in parallel to the existing diesel power station, as a “ fuel-saver” in order to investigate the economics of this type of operation. 相似文献
It was found that the adiabatic flame temperatures were 1380 K and 839 K for olive cake and date seed, and 2260 K and 1080 K for coal and oil shale, respectively. The experimental results showed that the maximum temperatures were 1126 K and 723 K for olive cake and date seed, respectively. The lower heating values were 19,500 kJ/kg and 16,400 kJ/kg for olive cake and date seed, and 29,000 kJ/kg and 7000 kJ/kg for coal and oil shale, respectively.
Thus, biomass such as date seed and olive cake may be used as an alternative fuel in electrical power plants in olive- or date-producing countries, which may save 40% of fuel cost. 相似文献
In this study, two miscible CO2 injection dynamic tests in porous media were performed. In these tests, CO2 and live oil were injected into the core simultaneously. The CO2 concentration was more than the onset concentration for asphaltene precipitation.
The main objective of this work was to determine the deposition coefficients from the experimental data, so these were predicted by using basic equations using the material balance. Also, by mathematical methods, the relation between these parameters was determined.
Results from this work imply that the deposition parameters can be estimated from the experimental data and these parameters are not constant during modeling and simulation. 相似文献
The Project includes the design, fabrication, installation and testing of four 2.5-3 kW blocks, representing two different types of fixed flat-plate modules and one type of sun-tracking modules.
Each block consists of the array (P.V. modules, sun-tracker devices, support structures, wiring connectors, protection devices), the power conditioning system (MPPT-inverter) and the suitable instrumentation. Therefore each block is a fully independent P.V. system able to supply electric energy to a 380 V, 50 Hz three-phase line.
Furthermore, two experimental 200 Wp systems with GaAs cells and amorphous silicon cells are installed in the same area for the testing of these particular technologies. 相似文献
The first method, called the generalised model approach, permits a wide range of non-linearities as well as arbitrary test initial and boundary conditions to be accommodated
The second method, called the simplified graphical method, demands high quality step response data but is very easy to use
Three examples taken from recent work in the SSTG programme are examined and these include a fully mixed response, a fully stratified response and a partially stratified response. The graphical method is shown to give a good estimate of the UA value for each case, even for the difficult case of partial stratification. 相似文献
Proximate and ultimate analyses were also performed to evaluate the air–fuel ratio and ash content. The required thermophysical properties, such as heating value, density, and porosity were obtained experimentally, while the activation energy was obtained from published literature.
It was found that the temperature contours of the combustion process showed that the adiabatic flame temperature was 1080 K in a vertical burner, while the obtained experimental results of maximum temperature at various locations of the burner in actual, non-adiabatic, non-stoichiometric combustion reached 950 K, showing good agreement with the model. 相似文献
The decision algorithm uses the information provided by the error estimate and does not require problem-dependent constants; it also uses a grid interface correction step to provide a smoother and a high-quality adaptive grid.
The proposed error estimate and the adaptive refinement algorithm are verified against analytic solution for different two-dimensional problems. In addition, calculations of three-dimensional laminar flows with different types of unstructured grids have demonstrated the applicability of the adaptive method. 相似文献
Abbreviations: CR: concentration ratio; CSP: concentrated solar power; MCRT: Monte Carlo ray tracing; PTC: parabolic trough collector 相似文献
All installations were found to be aesthetically pleasing, in accordance with CEC guidelines, but there is scope for reducing the costs of site preparation, support structures and array installation.
Some of the modules were of high quality but others had low efficiency, poor process control and unsatisfactory arrangements for mounting and interconnection -faults which should be remedied in today's highly competitive market. Measurement discrepancies could be reduced if all manufacturers adhered strictly to the current European standard, CEC Specification 101, Issue 2. A single international standard for reference cell calibration should be an aim for the future.
Varistors used for lightning protection should be carefully chosen to withstand the highest operational voltages over many years without the type of progressive degradation, which, as has been seen, may lead to catastrophic failure. 相似文献
The Gas-Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) process is designed and practiced based on gravity drainage idea and uses the advantage of density difference between injected gas and reservoir oil to overcome the drawbacks of the WAG process.
In this study, a comparison of enhanced heavy-oil recovery by three methods (CGI, WAG, and GAGD) is conducted by a commercial numerical simulator in a sector model of an Iranian offshore field. For this purpose, different production scenarios are designed. Moreover, the effect of several parameters such as injection fluid (CO2, hydrocarbon gas), in situ oil viscosity (heavy or extremely heavy oil), rate and volume of injection, and also three different WAG ratios are studied.
The results show that the GAGD method is not suitable for this field as the thickness of pay zone is low for vertical sweep efficiency and causes early breakthrough of injected gas. Also, CGI leads to lower recoveries compared to the WAG process, due to its unfavorable mobility ratio. Injection of CO2 instead of hydrocarbon gas results in higher sweep efficiency because of its viscosity reduction and swelling effects. In case of extremely heavy-oil recovery, with decreasing well spacing, the oil recovery factor increases as the drainage radius of wells reduces substantially due to high-viscosity oil. 相似文献
The analytical model presented in this paper makes it possible to obtain the optimum combination of differently performing flat-plate collectors ( collectors with different numbers of glass covers), in order to maximize the economic benefit of liquid heating solar plants at different temperatures and under different operating conditions
The results obtained justify the assertion that combined flat-plate collector systems present better techno-economic performance at high temperatures than single systems with single cover collectors. 相似文献
The paper demonstrates that the principal features of the anisotropic distribution of sky radiance must be included in the numerical computations since the use of the unrealistic isotropic model leads to significant short and long term errors. Inclusion of directional reflectance in the slope irradiance calculations will lead to increased accuracy for the estimated values, with greatest improvement being achieved in the winter months due to a zenith angle dependency on the significance of the directional reflectance.
Errors in estimating the slope irradiance with an anisotropic model are shown to compare favourably with the errors associated with a direct measurement of the solar irradiance. 相似文献
As a result, mathematical models of AC and CR were derived as functions of studied parameters. At optimum conditions, the AC of clean lignite was reduced from about 75 to 50.81% with 58.71% CR. Additionally, the effect of drum speed was found to be higher than other parameters. 相似文献
The fabrication of hydrophilic materials can be carried out in two main ways: depositing molecules on surfaces or modification of surface chemistry. Both methods have been successful historically in achieving their intended purposes. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials can be produced with many fabrication methods such as layer-by-layer assembly, laser process, the solution-immersion method, sol-gen techniques, chemical etching, and Hummer’s method.
The applications of such an important property are significant. For example, hydrophilic surfaces can be used in anti-fogging applications, biomedical, filtration, heat pipes, and many others. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials have been successfully applied in many sectors, such as: (I) the removal of petroleum from aqueous solutions, (II) applied to plastic, ceramics, and mesh to contribute to the oil removal from aqueous solutions, (III) hydrophobic layers have a strong self-cleaning effect on plastics, heat pipes, metals, textiles, glass, paints, and electronics, (IV) hydrophobic layers improve the anti-freezing behavior of heat pipes which prevents unwanted build-up and (V) they function as a water and dust protecting coat on electronics.
The presence of this property is historic but there is still a huge potential for development for its applications in many sectors such as water treatment, heat transfer applications, biomedical devices, and many more. 相似文献