向上射流悬浮床内气固两相流场实验研究

为开发先进的低阻力循环悬浮床烟气脱硫工艺及技术 ,建立了实验段截面积为 5 0 0 mm× 5 0 0 mm的悬浮床气固相流动的冷态实验装置。床内空气的表观速度可达到 3.5 m/ s。设计了两种底部射流进气结构 ,控制床内的颗粒浓度在适合于 PDA测量的范围内 (约 5 0 g/ m3)。用颗粒动态分析仪 (PDA)测量了悬浮床内气固两相流动的结构 ,确定了不同表观气速和不同进气结构条件下的两相流场的特点。实验结果表明 ,实验段内无论是颗粒相还是气相 ,都明显存在平流区、主流区和回流区三个区域 ,而且颗粒相和气相的速度分布很相似。还描述了床内的颗粒脉动速度变化情况及床内的物料堆积情况。实验结果对循环悬浮床反应器的结构优化设计有参考价值     

4吨/时凹型布风板组装式沸腾炉及其冷态流动特性试验

在凹型布风板流化床试验台上进行的冷态流动特性试验表明,床内形成了固体颗粒的循环运动,它延长了细颗粒在床内的停留时间。得到了包括表观气速、细粒粒径和密度、床料组分特性和平均粒径、细粒初始浓     

双孔射流流化床内颗粒混合特性的离散单元法数值模拟

将计算流体力学与离散单元法相结合,采用Fortran语言编程,根据牛顿第三定律实现气固耦合,从微观角度剖析了颗粒在流化床内的运动机制.利用Lacey混合指数对流化床内不同特性区域的颗粒混合程度进行了定量分析,并研究了颗粒混合特性的影响因素,得到颗粒轴向和径向混合序列图、气体和颗粒速度分布以及整床和三区的颗粒混合指数分布.结果表明:颗粒受到空气射流作用后,随着混合和偏析的不断进行,最后达到随机完全混合状态;相同表观气速下颗粒轴向混合进程快于径向混合进程;表观气速增大,喷泉区尺度增大,使颗粒径向混合能力得到改善,但对轴向混合能力的影响微弱.     

高温流化床的流化特性及结焦非流化行为

在 8 0 mm× 30 mm和 80 mm× 10 mm石英流化床中 ,以低温粘结的高密度聚乙烯和聚丙烯 ,高温粘结的玻璃珠为实验物料 ,研究了高温流化床的流化特性及高温下物料结焦产生的非流化行为。结果表明 ,在本文实验条件下 ,Geldart A、B类高温表面粘结物料 ,床层温度小于其最小粘结温度时 ,床层温度增大 ,颗粒的最小流化速度减小 ;Geldart D类高温表面粘结物料的最小流化速度随温度增加而增大。得出了不同温度下颗粒最小流化速度预测式。床层温度大于最小粘结温度时 ,流化床需在较高的表观气速下才能保持流化 ,床层温度愈高床层流化所需的表观气速越大。研究同时发现 ,颗粒物料的粒径减小 ,流化颗粒的最小粘结温度减小。     

油页岩热解飞灰颗粒流化夹带特性

在一套准φ80mm×4090mm有机玻璃冷模试验装置中,以油页岩热解飞灰为试验物料,使用在线压力采集系统,测定了流化床轴向平均颗粒密度分布,根据稀相空间平均颗粒密度获得了输送分离高度(TDH)和气体饱和夹带量(εp∞),并与FCC催化剂颗粒的流化夹带特性进行了对比。试验结果表明,对于密度相近的两种物料,尽管油页岩热解飞灰的平均粒径小于FCC催化剂,但同一表观气速下流化床内各截面平均颗粒密度均低于FCC催化剂。表观气速较低时(u=0.22m/s),两种物料的TDH和气体饱和夹带量基本相等;随着气速的提高,FCC催化剂的TDH和气体饱和夹带量逐渐高于油页岩热解飞灰;当表观气速大于0.88m/s时,油页岩热解飞灰的TDH逐渐接近于FCC催化剂。对试验结果进行关联分析后,建立了油页岩热解飞灰TDH和气体饱和夹带量的经验模型,计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

稀疏气固两相流动中颗粒分离特性的数值模拟

针对循环流化床铁矿粉烧结技术中的关键问题，用数值模拟方法对不同密度床料颗粒在床内的分布进行了数值模拟。数值模拟将气相场和离散颗粒场分别用欧拉方法和拉格朗日方法进行处理，在每一时间步长内对气相场和离散颗粒场的相互作用进行耦合，得出了不同密度混合床料在循环流化床内的分离规律。数值模拟结果与国外相同研究的实验结果进行了对比，结果表明数值模拟结果具有较高的准确性。     

CFB煤燃烧/热解双反应器立管内的气固流动特性

在提升管直径为100mm、高为6000mm,立管直径为44mm、高为3000mm,热解室的截面积为200mm×200mm、高770mm的循环流化床煤燃烧/热解双反应器冷态实验装置上,考察了提升管中的表观气速、系统循环量以及加到热解室里的松动气量等因素对立管中的压力梯度、气固相对流动速度等的影响.在实验范围内,立管内的流动形式主要为气固并流下行移动床流动.随着表观气速的增加,立管中负压差梯度逐渐减小,最终基本保持不变;随着循环量的增大,立管内的负压差梯度及气固相对速度也随之增大;加到热解室内的松动气对立管内气固流动状态影响比较复杂,在提升管内表观气速及立管底部阀门开度一定的情况下,随着松动气量的增加,立管内会出现从负压差流动到正压差流动的转变.而在松动气量保持一定时,随着提升管内表观气速的增大,同样的情况也会出现.     

鼓泡流化床风帽压力信号的频谱分析

在鼓泡流化床冷态试验台上,采集不同风帽入口的压力信号.基于Matlab软件,利用自相关函数的傅里叶变换对采集的信号进行频谱分析,得到信号主频的分布范围以及对应的功率谱密度,分析了不同静床高和不同表观气速下布风板中心、边壁风帽的压力波动特性.结果表明:风帽入口压力信号的频谱变化与静床高和表观气速的变化密切相关,且压力波动信号的主频集中在0～10 Hz的范围,可为风帽压力信号的测点布置和采样频率的设置提供参考.     

基于风帽压力波动的横截面位置对循环流化床气固流动影响研究

提出利用采集、分析床内横截面方向不同位置风帽压力波动信号的方法,实现对循环流化床内横截面方向上气固两相流动状态的监测。借助冷态循环流化床实验台,在不同一次风表观气速条件下,同时测量床内横截面方向不同位置风帽的入口压力波动信号。采用标准差、小波分析和均匀指数等方法对风帽压力波动信号进行分析,得到信号的特征参数。然后基于横截面方向不同位置风帽的压力信号特征参数随一次风表观气速的变化规律,研究床内横截面位置对床内气固流态化特征的影响。结果发现,床内横截面方向不同位置风帽的压力信号特征参数能反映循环流化床一次风表观气速变化引起的床内横截面方向上气固流动状态的变化,表明所提方法具有可行性,并可为基于风帽压力波动特性的大截面循环流化床的状态监测建立理论基础。     

不同进气方式的流化床内颗粒混合特性的数值模拟

为了从微观角度分析不同进气方式的流化床内颗粒的运动机制,利用计算流体力学与离散单元法相结合的方法,采用Gidaspow曳力模型实现气固两相间的耦合,对不同进气方式的流化床进行数值模拟,采用Lacey混合指数等对颗粒的混合状态进行定性和定量分析,并探讨了气体速度参量对混合特性的影响。结果表明:喷动流化床内颗粒混合特性受喷口气速和流化气速的综合作用;存在喷动气的工况,其最终混合状态比均匀进气的工况好;在存在喷动气的前提下,引入流化气会导致床体的死区变小,且流化气速越高,死区越小;在特定的模拟工况下,存在一个最佳流化气速,使得颗粒混合质量最好。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．