生物质复合型煤固硫特性研究

对所研制的生物质复合型煤的固硫机理进行了分析，并对生物质复合型煤的固硫特性进行了试验研究，结果表明生物质复合型煤较一般型煤有更高的固硫率，当Ca/S=2.0，燃烧温度低于900℃时，生物质复合型煤的固硫率可以达到90％以上；生物质复合型煤的固硫率受燃烧温度，生物质添加量，钙硫比等因素影响，加入铁系氧化物能增强生物质复合型煤的固硫性能。     

煤洁净燃烧添加剂技术的研究

从研究煤中硫的析出规律入手,分析了钙基吸收剂在高温下固硫率低的原因,及有机硫和无机硫的不同析出规律,选择具有促进或催化作用的工业废料,与钙基固硫剂按比例掺混,形成一毓既可直接在燃烧过程中脱硫,又有一定催化燃烧作用所洁净燃料添加剂。     

我国发电用煤的碱性成分在煤灰固硫中的作用

在煤燃烧过程中，煤灰自身有一定的固硫能力。本文根据我国发电用煤的煤质分析数据，将煤灰固硫率与煤中硫和碱性成分含量相关联，研究了实验室制灰和煤粉燃烧时煤中碱性成分的固硫作用，表明：实验室制灰条件下，钙在煤灰固硫中起主导作用，固硫率随煤中Ｃａ／Ｓ摩尔比的增加呈指数趋势增加，而其它成分（Ｎａ，Ｋ，Ｍｇ等）的作用不大；因钙的固硫作用类似于ＣａＯ吸收剂，实验室制灰时的固硫特性可应用于流化床燃烧；与此相比，煤粉炉中因温度高、停留时间短，钙的固硫作用显著降低，而其它碱性成分的贡献明显增大。     

生物质型煤固硫规律的研究

提出生物质型煤的固硫机理,分析了真高效固硫的原因。通过燃烧固硫试验,得出实验燃烧过程中Ｃａ／Ｓ、过量空气生物质种类及温度等在硫效果的影响规律,并给出对生物质型煤实际燃烧中固硫控制有实用价值的结论。     

钙基固硫过程中硫存在形态的转变

为了控制燃煤SO2的排放,研究了高温下钙基固硫过程中硫存在形态变化机理.采用定碳炉研究添加钙基前后硫析出特性,采用XRD实验检测燃烧不同阶段硫的存在形态,通过热力学平衡计算预测燃烧产物中不同含硫物相分布.原煤燃烧时硫主要以SO2形式在燃烧初期析出,添加钙基后,燃烧初期SO2析出浓度剧烈下降,硫析出曲线呈双峰状.添加钙基后,CaS在燃烧初期的大量生成以及在燃烧后期的氧化,是造成硫析出曲线变化的主要原因.热力学平衡计算表明:贫氧条件下原煤燃烧时,H2S、FeS、CaS、S2、COS为主要含硫物相,添加钙基后,贫氧工况下硫主要以CaS和H2S的形式存在,富氧环境下,硫主要以CaSO4、SO2、SO3形式存在.     

煤与生物质混合燃烧过程中碱土金属对SO_2析出特性影响的研究

通过酸洗和加入添加剂的方法调整生物质与煤中碱土金属的含量,通过快速智能定硫仪测定不同含量的碱土金属对硫析出的影响后,利用热重分析仪(TG)及色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)研究了煤与生物质混合燃烧过程中碱土金属对硫迁移的影响规律.研究结果表明:典型碱土金属Ca和Mg对煤与生物质混合燃烧速率以及SO2的析出特性都有不同程度的影响,其中Ca在整个燃烧过程中表现出很强的固硫作用,而Mg的固硫作用主要表现在低温阶段.     

关于影响煤燃烧固硫反应的主要因素及其机理的研究进展

燃烧过程中的脱硫是锅炉脱硫工艺的重要组成部分之一 ,已被广泛应用于各种流化床锅炉和煤粉炉中。为开发低成本、高效率的燃煤固硫技术 ,世界各国学者进行了大量的实验和机理性的研究。本文对这方面的研究进展做了总体回顾 ,并在前人研究的基础上提出了关于燃烧过程中固硫化学反应机理研究的发展趋势。     

型煤燃烧全硫析出规律的试验研究

型煤燃烧全硫析出规律对于研究型煤燃烧的固硫特性具有重要的意义。本文通过试验研究发现：全硫的析出分为四个阶段，每个阶段的析出速率不同；全硫对温度的依赖程度最大，而且型煤的直径、升温速率和煤种变化对全硫的析出也具有不同程度的影响。     

不同煤种对混煤自固硫的影响

以平朔煤作为中硫煤,选用三个典型低硫煤与其进行不同比例掺配,并研究了煤种对混煤固硫效果的影响.结果表明：混煤固硫率的大小与（Ca＋Mg）/S摩尔比和灰中（CaO＋MgO）的含量有关;低、低（Ca＋Mg）/S摩尔比煤掺配后,混煤的（CaO＋MgO）利用率随（Ca＋Mg）/S摩尔比的增大呈整体下降趋势,降硫效果主要取决于配煤对硫分的稀释作用;低、高（Ca＋Mg）/S摩尔比煤掺配后,混煤的（CaO＋MgO）利用率在（Ca＋Mg）/S摩尔比为0.8～1时达到最大值,降硫效果取决于配煤对硫分的稀释作用和自身固硫作用.     

MgO硫酸盐化反应动力学及镁基固硫剂型煤燃烧实验研究

用ＴＧ法对ＭｇＯ硫酸盐化反应动力学进行了研究，求出了该反应的动力学参数。在以ＭｇＣＯ３为固硫剂的型煤燃烧实验中，得出了固硫效率与Ｍｇ／Ｓ摩尔比，温度和粒度的关系，其中镁硫摩尔比是最重要的影响因素。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of Li1−xFe0.8Ni0.2O2–LixMnO2 (Mn/(Fe + Ni + Mn) = 0.8) material

A new type of Li_1−xFe_0.8Ni_0.2O₂–Li_xMnO₂ (Mn/(Fe + Ni + Mn) = 0.8) material was synthesized at 350 °C in air atmosphere using a solid-state reaction. The material had an XRD pattern that closely resembled that of the original Li_1−xFeO₂–Li_xMnO₂ (Mn/(Fe + Mn) = 0.8) with much reduced impurity peaks. The Li/Li_1−xFe_0.8Ni_0.2O₂–Li_xMnO₂ cell showed a high initial discharge capacity above 192 mAh g⁻¹, which was higher than that of the parent Li/Li_1−xFeO₂–Li_xMnO₂ (186 mAh g⁻¹). We expected that the increase of initial discharge capacity and the change of shape of discharge curve for the Li/Li_1−xFe_0.8Ni_0.2O₂–Li_xMnO₂ cell is the result from the redox reaction from Ni²⁺ to Ni³⁺ during charge/discharge process. This cell exhibited not only a typical voltage plateau in the 2.8 V region, but also an excellent cycle retention rate (96%) up to 45 cycles.     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。