大型循环流化床锅炉的烘炉实践

大型循环流化床 (以下简称CFB)锅炉的烘炉是使耐火耐磨材料烧结成型并使之达到耐火、耐磨、耐压、抗折、热震稳定性、高温耐压性能的关键。通过大型CFB锅炉的烘炉实践 ,提出了保证大型CFB锅炉烘炉的关键措施 ,分析了烘炉中存在的问题 ,认为耐火材料的理化性能、施工和烘炉是三位一体的 ,必须控制各个环节才能最终保证耐火耐磨材料的性能 ,并为今后大型CFB锅炉的烘炉提供借鉴。     

CFB锅炉耐磨耐火浇注料脱落原因及其预防

CFB锅炉耐火耐磨材料的脱落常造成锅炉事故停炉，影响锅炉的连续安全、稳定、经济运行，文章分析了循环流化床锅炉耐火耐磨材料损坏的原因，并提出了相应的防范措施。     

CFB锅炉耐磨耐火浇注料脱落的原因及预防

循环流化床锅炉耐火耐磨材料的脱落常造成锅炉事故停炉，影响锅炉的连续安全、稳定、经济运行，文章分析了循环流化床锅炉耐火耐磨材料脱落的原因，并提出了相应的防范措施。     

锅炉耐磨耐火浇注料脱落的原因及预防

循环流化床锅炉耐火耐磨材料的脱落常造成锅炉事故停炉，影响锅炉的连续安全、稳定、经济运行。文章分析了循环流化床锅炉耐火耐磨材料损坏的原因，并提出了相应的防范措施。     

CFB锅炉旋风分离器销钉设计研究

对于冷却式的循环流化床锅炉旋风分离器,通常需要内衬耐火耐磨材料,其固定形式采用销钉连接。目前存在2种销钉连接形式,即直接喷焊在管子壁面上的直销钉以及焊接在鳍片上的扁形销钉。针对这两种不同的销钉型式进行研究,以便得出最优的设计型式,可供锅炉行业CFB锅炉用户及广大设计人员参考。     

循环流化床锅炉磨损问题的机理和防治

本文阐述循环流化床锅炉磨损问题及采用耐火耐磨材料的防治手段，并结合大连工业公司两台２２０Ｔ／ｈ循环流化床锅炉来谈耐磨耐火材料的施工控制。     

480t／h循环流化床锅炉耐火耐磨材料的设计选择

耐火耐磨材料是保证循环流化床锅炉可靠运行的关键之一，本文介绍了我公司首台480t／h循环流化床锅炉在燃烧系统各部位对耐火耐磨材料的选择以及结构设计与烘炉方法。     

130t/h循环流化床锅炉烘炉技术

新安装的锅炉在正式投产前,必须进行缓慢烘炉,使炉墙中的水分缓慢逸出,确保炉墙热态运行的质量。耐火耐磨内衬材料施工后的烘干过程直接关系到内衬材料的施工质量和性能。传统的燃木柴+燃油的烘炉方法已不宜用于大型循环流化床锅炉的烘炉。金华某热电厂130 t/h CFB锅炉采用高温烟气烘炉法,完全满足了该锅炉的烘炉要求,为其他电厂循环流化床锅炉的烘炉积累经验,值得借鉴和推广。     

300MW循环流化床锅炉内衬施工研究

本文介绍了带外置换热器（FBHE）循环流化床（CFB）锅炉内衬特点,总结了秦皇岛秦热发电公司300MW CFB锅炉内衬施工过程中的经验和心得,介绍了运行一年后的内衬现状,提出了CFB锅炉内衬施工的一些建议。     

浅谈75吨循环流化床锅炉炉墙技术

介绍济南锅炉集团有限公司75t/h CFB锅炉的炉墙设计及施工技术要点和方法.     

热油泄漏对土壤温度场影响的模拟分析

借助CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)软件建立土壤多孔介质中流固耦合的相变数学模型,对埋地管道上部泄漏热油在冬夏季不同土壤中渗透扩散时,大地温度场的变化进行模拟分析。模拟结果表明:泄漏前,热油管道冬夏季长期运行所形成的径向稳态温度场等温线分布呈近似的对称状态;泄漏发生后,热油凝点以上的液相热影响区域冬夏季等温线分布相似,均是以扇形区域逐步向四周扩张,固液两相区外围的热影响区冬季冻土中的温度梯度大于夏季泄漏工况;热油在冬季冻土中的扩散速率比夏季低约3%。     

Explosion hazard of hydrogen–air mixtures in the large volumes

The report deals with the investigation of non-stationary combustion of hydrogen–air mixtures extremely relevant to the issues of safety. Considered are the conditions of its formation and development in the tubes, in the conic element and in the spherical 12-m diameter chamber. The report shows that at the formation of non-stationary combustion in the conic element, in its top the pressure can develop exceeding 100 MPa. It is also shown that in large closed volumes non-stationary combustion can develop from a small energy source, in contrast to detonation for its stimulation in large volumes of significant power influences are required. Simultaneously, in the large closed volume a pressure can be formed by far exceeding the Chapman–Jouguet pressure in the front of stationary detonation.     

Energy conservation investments: A comparison between China and the US

Growth in energy consumption in China has soared from 2001 to 2004, driven largely by a booming economy and heavy investment in infrastructure and housing. In response, China has poured billions of dollars of investment in building power plants—at a rate of one large power plant (1000 MW) per week. In fact, China in 2004 has added the entire generating capacity of California or Spain in a single year. In contrast, investment in energy conservation projects has weakened considerably in recent years. This paper examines trends in energy efficiency investments in China and the US. The comparison highlights the potential of energy conservation investments in addressing China's current energy crisis as well as the inadequacy of such investments in China. Finally, the paper outlines a few scenarios for appropriate levels of investments in energy efficiency in China in the future.     

王官屯油田官142地区中生界地层特征

王官屯油田地处河北省沧县王官屯乡境内,区域构造位置为黄骅坳陷南区孔店构造带的西南端,处于孔东断裂带两侧。根据钻录井特征、地球物理响应特征,结合区域地层对比,将王官屯油田官142地区中生界地层划分为中下三叠统、中下侏罗统、上侏罗统-下白垩统三套旋回。通过对该区地层特征的分析,认为中下三叠统以棕红、紫红色粉细砂岩和泥岩互层为主;中下侏罗统下部主要为暗色泥岩夹砂岩,上部为一套巨厚砂砾岩,并作为中生界油藏主要储集层;上侏罗统-下白垩统发育紫红色砂岩及安山岩。通过分析各时期的构造运动特征,认为印支运动以整体抬升为主,发育了三叠系地层;燕山早期以走滑和挤压为主,盆地规模较小,发育中下侏罗统的河湖相沉积;燕山中期火山活动强烈,发育火山物质为主的晚侏罗世-早白垩世地层;燕山晚期该区整体抬升遭受剥蚀,缺失上白垩统地层。而喜山时期的升降运动对中生界油气成藏具有重要意义。     

储运油泥热解机理研究

利用管式炉,通入氯气和二氧化碳两种不同气氛,研究储运油泥的热解特性.分析油泥的气、液、渣的不同特性,探讨两种气氛下的不同热解特点.二氧化碳气氛下油泥热解的最佳温度为450℃,而氮气气氛下为500℃2.二氧化碳气氛下的渣是致密性渣,氮气气氛下是薄壁型渣.冷凝液中的低烷烃类、单环芳烃,二氧化碳气氛下比氮气气氛下高.而气体成分中甲烷和氢气含量氮气气氛比二氧化碳下高.得出同温度下,氮气的热解程度大于二氧化碳,而且二氧化碳参与了热解反应.     

Procedural (in)justice in the implementation of solar energy: The case of Charanaka solar park,Gujarat, India

Solar PV is being rolled out on a large scale in India and other emerging economies, but in the enthusiasm for solar’s promise of plentiful, low carbon energy, the social and environmental justice concerns accompanying such infrastructure development are in danger of being overlooked. In this context, this paper, using the case study of ‘Charanaka Solar Park’ in Gujarat state, qualitatively analyses the degree of provision for procedural justice in solar energy implementation in India using a framework drawn from social environmental and energy justice literatures. The case study illustrates how the failure of various aspects of procedural justice can result in unnecessarily large impacts on the livelihoods of rural communities and the further marginalisation of those of lowest status. We conclude with discussion of the aspects of procedural justice that need attention in low carbon energy developments in developing countries alongside some policy and governance suggestions for the achievement of this in India and elsewhere.     

大民屯凹陷西部沙河街组沙三、沙四段储层特征及影响因素

研究区位于辽河坳陷大民屯凹陷西部,南起沈281井,北至沈299井,东起胜11井,西至大民屯凹陷边界,面积约为300km2。研究区沙四段扇三角洲相扇群状分布,前缘砂砾岩体沉积厚度大,为有利沉积相带。沙三段三角洲、河流相沉积砂体分布相对稳定。沙河街组含油层系主要分布在沙四段和沙三段中下部。近年来,大民屯凹陷主要勘探工作集中在潜山上,古近系勘探少有发现。从沉积学和储层岩石学特征入手,结合常规岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、孔渗分析、压汞实验分析结果,对辽河盆地大民屯凹陷沙河街组沙三段、沙四段储层特征及影响因素进行研究。结果表明,沙四段多为低孔特低渗储层,储集空间为原生孔隙、次生孔隙和裂缝。沙三段储层成分成熟度和结构成熟度相对较高,原生孔隙得到一定保存,储集性能好,发育中孔中-低渗储层。沉积作用、成岩作用、物源区母岩岩性及断裂活动,是导致储层物性复杂化的主要影响因素。     

Review of in situ transmission electron microscopy studies of battery materials

本文总结了原位透射电镜在电池研究领域的一些重要研究进展。虽然经过多年的研究,但是电极材料以及其与电解质界面（SEI）在充放电过程中结构、形貌、成分的变化过程还不清楚,以上结构演化与电池性能的相关性更是了解甚少,急需要设计一种新的实验技术可以在微观尺度上对其变化进行观察,原位透射电镜技术正是为了满足这样的需求而设计的。原位电镜拥有高时空分辨率和能量分辨率,可实时观察各类纳米电极材料及SEI在充放电过程中的微观变化。本文首先讨论在透射电镜中组装纳米电池的实验方法,然后讨论了应用此技术在研究锂离子电池、金属空气电池等领域的一些重要研究进展,最后对应用原位透射电镜技术研究电池的未来发展方向进行展望。原位透射电镜技术可以直接和实时观察电极材料和SEI在电化学反应中的微观变化行为,这对于深入了解电池失效机理和设计高性能电池具有重要指导意义。     

Flame structure changes resulting from hydrogen-enrichment and pressurization for low-swirl premixed methane–air flames

With the current focus on alternate and renewable fuels, fuel flexibility has become a driving factor in the design of new turbines. Flame stability is heavily impacted by the presence of hydrogen in the fuel stream (as is common in many alternative fuels). This study examines how the flame dynamics change in response to the systematic addition of hydrogen in a low-swirl lean premixed methane–air burner. Stability maps for these test cases show that adding hydrogen broadens the blow-off limits, with 20% hydrogen resulting in a 7% change while 40% hydrogen results in a 35% larger stable region. The most dramatic manifestation of hydrogen addition is the greatly decreased radius of curvature of the local flame surface, which is visible from the increased wrinkling of the flame front. Increases in both pressure and hydrogen enrichment result in higher means and variances of flame front curvatures. The flame surface density is in agreement with the aforementioned flame front curvature PDFs in that increasing the pressure and hydrogen concentration leads to an increase in the maximum flame surface density.     

我国主要盆地油气资源勘探开发现状和发展前景

截至2007年底,全国累计探明原油地质储量中的72％、经济可采储量中的87．4％以及累计探明气层气地质储量中的37．4％、经济可采储量中的42．3％已投入开发。全国原油剩余经济可采储量205809．83×10^4t。有15个盆地累计探明原油地质储量超过1×10^8t,它们的合计剩余经济可采储量为203968．00×10^4t,平均储采比11．67．而地质资源量和可采资源量分别占全国总量的82．0％和84．8％。平均探明程度分别为43．5％和42．1％;待发现常规石油地质资源量和可采资源量分别占全国总量的72．3％和76,6％。全国气层气剩余经济可采储量24372．60×10^8m^3．在12个累计探明气层气地质储量超过300×10^8m^3的盆地中,剩余经济可采储量24326．11×10^8m^3,平均储采比40．3;地质资源量和可采资源量分别占全国总量的87．7％和88．7％．平均探明程度分别为19．0％和18．2％：待发现常规天然气地质资源量和可采资源量分别占全国总量的85.3％和86．5％。我国油气储产量集中于大中型盆地,而且也是待发现资源主要阵地。