Integration and development of energy and information network in the Pan-Arctic region

The Global Energy Interconnection is an important strategic approach used to achieve efficient worldwide energy allocation. The idea of developing integrated power, information, and transportation networks provides increased power interconnection functionality and meaning, helps condense forces, and accelerates the integration of global infrastructure. Correspondingly, it is envisaged that it will become the trend of industrial technological development in the future. In consideration of the current trend of integrated development, this study evaluates a possible plan of coordinated development of fiber-optic and power networks in the Pan-Arctic region. Firstly, the backbone network architecture of Global Energy Interconnection is introduced and the importance of the Arctic energy backbone network is confirmed. The energy consumption and developmental trend of global data centers are then analyzed. Subsequently, the global network traffic is predicted and analyzed by means of a polynomial regression model. Finally, in combination with the current construction of fiber-optic networks in the Pan-Arctic region, the advantages of the integration of the fiber-optic and power networks in this region are clarified in justification of the decision for the development of a Global Energy Interconnection scheme.     

Economic growth,energy conservation and emissions reduction: A comparative analysis based on panel data for 8 Asian-Pacific countries

This study was conducted to evaluate the causality between energy consumption, GDP growth and carbon emissions for eight Asia-Pacific countries from 1971 to 2005 using the panel data. The results indicate that there are long-run equilibrium relationships between these variables. Additionally, causality from energy consumption to CO₂ emissions was observed generally, but there were some opposite relationships also. Parameter estimations of the panel data model indicate that there are great differences in the carbon emissions, the efficiencies of energy use, carbon emissions of unit GDP and unit energy consumption between developed and developing countries. The base carbon emissions, per capita energy consumption and efficiency of energy use in developing countries are far lower than in developed countries; however, the CO₂ emissions per unit of energy use is higher. Although developing countries may reduce their CO₂ emission per unit energy use, total energy consumption will rise rapidly with economic development. Thus, developing countries must determine how to undergo economic growth while conserving energy and reducing emissions. To respond to global climate change, it is necessary to develop innovative technology for energy use, transform the energy structure and conduct the clean development mechanism.     

Energy efficiency and low carbon enabler green IT framework for data centers considering green metrics

The increasing demand for storage, networking and computation has driven intensification of large complex data centers that run many of today's Internet, financial, commercial and business applications. A data center comprises of many thousands of servers and can use as much energy as small city. Massive amount of computation power is required to drive and run these server farms resulting in many challenging like huge energy consumptions, emission of green house gases, backups and recovery; This paper proposes energy efficiency and low carbon enabler green IT framework for these large and complex server farms to save consumption of electricity and reduce the emission of green house gases to lower the effects of global warming. The framework uses latest energy saving techniques like virtualization, cloud computing and green metrics to achieve greener data centers. It comprises of five phase to properly implement green IT techniques to achieve green data centers. The proposed framework seamlessly divides data center components into different resource pools and then applies green metrics like Power Usage Effectiveness, Data Center Effectiveness and Carbon Emission Calculator to measure performance of individual components so that benchmarking values can be achieved and set as standard to be followed by data centers.     

Carbon emission flow: from electricity network to multiple energy systems

Anthropogenic carbon emissions associated with energy consumption are rapidly increasing. Such carbon emissions are further directly related to global climate change. Thus, reducing carbon emissions to mitigate global climate change has been attracting increasing attention. Energy production and energy consumption is linked by energy networks. The network-constrained energy flow leads to a virtual circulation of embedded carbon emissions. This paper introduces the concept and significance of carbon emission flow (CEF), which helps identify the relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption. Challenges for extending the CEF from an electricity network to multiple energy systems (MES) are analyzed, and CEF models in both the electricity network and MES are summarized. The distribution of CEF and transfer of carbon emissions are studied using realistic case studies based on the energy interconnection system of Southeast Asia and real-world MES in the Jing-Jin-Ji economic circle. Considering the electricity trade in Southeast Asia in 2050, the results show that significant amounts of carbon emissions are transferred among countries. Approximately 19698 ktCO₂ of carbon emissions in Malaysia are attributable to electricity demands of other countries. Conversely, the Philippines and Vietnam would be responsible for additional carbon emissions of 10620 ktCO₂ and 42375 ktCO₂, respectively. With the CEF model, carbon emissions in different energy sectors can be reasonably quantified, thus facilitating the allocation of emission reduction targets in climate change negotiations and low-carbon policymaking.     

Emission scenarios in the face of fossil-fuel peaking

Emissions scenarios used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are based on detailed energy system models in which demographics, technology and economics are used to generate projections of future world energy consumption, and therefore, of greenhouse gas emissions. We propose in this paper that it is useful to look at a qualitative model of the energy system, backed by data from short- and medium-term trends, to gain a sense of carbon emission bounds. Here we look at what may be considered a lower bound for 21st century emissions given two assumptions: first, that extractable fossil-fuel resources follow the trends assumed by “peak oil” adherents, and second, that no climate mitigation policies are put in place to limit emissions. If resources, and more importantly, extraction rates, of fossil fuels are more limited than posited in full energy-system models, a supply-driven emissions scenario results; however, we show that even in this “peak fossil-fuel” limit, carbon emissions are high enough to surpass 550 ppm or 2 °C climate protection guardrails. Some indicators are presented that the scenario presented here should not be disregarded, and comparisons are made to the outputs of emission scenarios used for the IPCC reports.     

The 2 °C scenario—A sustainable world energy perspective

A target-oriented scenario of future energy demand and supply is developed in a backcasting process. The main target is to reduce global CO₂ emissions to around 10 Gt/a in 2050, thus limiting global average temperature increase to 2 °C and preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. A 10-region energy system model is used for simulating global energy supply strategies. A review of sector and region-specific energy efficiency measures resulted in the specification of a global energy demand scenario incorporating strong energy efficiency measures. The corresponding supply scenario has been developed in an iterative process in close cooperation with stakeholders and regional counterparts from academia, NGOs and the renewable energy industry. The 2 °C scenario shows that renewable energy could provide as much as half of the world's energy needs by 2050. Developing countries can virtually stabilise their CO₂ emissions, while at the same time increasing energy consumption through economic growth. OECD countries will be able to reduce their emissions by up to 80%.     

Energy-related emissions and mitigation opportunities from the household sector in Delhi

Urban centers are the major consumers of energy, which is a major source of air pollution. Therefore, an insight into energy consumption and quantification of emissions from urban areas are extremely important for identifying impacts and finding solution to air pollution in urban centers. This paper applies the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) system for modeling the total energy consumption and associated emissions from the household sector of Delhi. Energy consumption under different sets of policy and technology options are analyzed for a time span of 2001–2021 and emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH₄), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), nitrous oxide (N₂O), total suspended particulates (TSP) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) are estimated. Different scenarios are generated to examine the level of pollution reduction achievable by application of various options. The business as usual (BAU) scenario is developed considering the time series trends of energy use in Delhi households. The fuel substitution (FS) scenario analyzes policies having potential to impact fuel switching and their implications towards reducing emissions. The energy conservation (EC) scenario focuses on efficiency improvement technologies and policies for energy-intensity reduction. An integrated (INT) scenario is also generated to assess the cumulative impact of the two alternate scenarios on energy consumption and direct emissions from household sectors of Delhi. Maximum reduction in energy consumption in households of Delhi is observed in the EC scenario, whereas, the FS scenario seems to be a viable option if the emission loadings are to be reduced.     

“双碳”背景下数据中心氢能应用的可行性研究

氢气是可再生能源电力的优质载体,也被认为是未来数据中心行业实现碳中和的重要助力。以节能降碳为主要出发点,介绍数据中心氢能应用的意义、前景及相关研究现状,分析氢能产业链中制氢、储氢、用氢等各环节对数据中心氢能应用的影响,最后阐述氢能作为数据中心备用电源、集中式电源以及分布式电源等不同应用场景的概念性方案,并分析各应用场景的技术特点及发展前景。     

Future carbon dioxide emissions in the global material flow of primary aluminium

This study assesses the future carbon dioxide emissions in the global material flow of primary aluminium. The model of the global aluminium industry (GlobAl model) is used for scenario calculations. It simulates a market economy and allows an integrated analysis of the material flow and the corresponding carbon dioxide emissions. 1995 is the base year and the future horizon of the scenario calculations is 2010. The critical parameter ‘global demand for primary aluminium’ is varied. According to the scenario calculations, the absolute carbon dioxide emissions in the global material flow of primary energy will not increase until the growth rate of demand reaches 2% per year. World average specific emissions will decrease remarkably, especially due to the reduced energy-related emissions for smelting. There are three reasons for this. In the first place, the lower CO₂-emission factor of electricity generated from fossil fuels leads to reduced emissions. Secondly, modern point-feeder pre-baked plants need less electricity than the Soderberg plants they replace. And, thirdly, the production of primary aluminium is being shifted to regions in which the production of electricity is mainly based on hydropower.     

Energy [R]evolution 2008—a sustainable world energy perspective

The Energy [R]evolution 2008 scenario is an update of the Energy [R]evolution scenario published in 2007. It takes up recent trends in global socio-economic developments, and analyses to which extent they affect chances for achieving global climate protection targets. The main target is to reduce global CO₂ emissions to 10 Gt per year in 2050, thus limiting global average temperature increase to 2 °C and preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. A review of sector and region specific energy efficiency measures resulted in the specification of a global energy demand scenario incorporating strong energy efficiency measures. The corresponding energy supply scenario has been developed in an iterative process in close cooperation with stakeholders and regional counterparts from academia, NGOs and the renewable energy industry. The Energy [R]evolution scenario shows that renewable energy can provide more than half of the world's energy needs by 2050. Developing countries can virtually stabilise their CO₂ emissions, whilst at the same time increasing energy consumption through economic growth. OECD countries will be able to reduce their emissions by up to 80%.     

Operation characteristics and performance analysis of integrated power and hybrid cooling systems driven by PEM fuel cell

With the rapid growth in the number of data centers, energy consumption has increased exponentially, and energy conservation has become a focus of data center applications. Owing to the different ambient conditions in different regions, this study proposed novel integrated power and hybrid cooling systems driven by PEMFC. Multiple cooling methods were investigated to make full use of the waste heat generated by PEMFC and natural cold sources. Three types integrated systems, including a basic combined cooling and power (BCCP) supply system, a heat pipe combined cooling and power (HPCCP) supply system, and an outdoor air combined cooling and power (OACCP) supply system were constructed. Five cities representing five climatic regions were selected to compare and analyze the operation characteristics and energy efficiency of the three systems. It is concluded that the values of power usage effectiveness (PUE) in the three systems are 1.16–1.32, and the theoretical energy efficiency is 87.80%–91.08%, which is 11.27%–12.42% higher than the reported value of a commercially used data center in Changping. The energy efficiency of the OACCP system is generally higher than that of the HPCCP system. The HPCCP system is suitable for cold and severely cold climate regions, and the OACCP system is suitable for temperate climate regions. Such findings may provide theoretical basis for the selection of the integrated power and cooling system designed for data centers in different climate regions. However, the theoretical results may need further improvement by including the energy loss during transportation and the efficiency of the converter during power conversion.     

基于LEAP模型的广州交通领域能耗及空气污染物排放分析

基于长期能源替代规划系统（LEAP）模型,结合情景分析法,模拟广州交通领域未来的能耗及CO、HC、NO_x、PM_2.5、SO₂等主要空气污染物排放趋势,分析广州交通领域的节能及空气污染物排放控制策略。结果表明：综合情景下,到2035年,广州交通领域将较基准情景节能23.06%,CO、HC、NO_x、PM_2.5、SO₂分别减排30.05%、28.31%、27.86%、23.77%、16.33%;各子情景中,能源结构优化情景的节能减排贡献最大;从运输类型来看,公路货运、私人交通、公路客运、水路货运和航空客运的节能减排贡献较大;要实现城市交通能耗及污染物排放控制,需要大力发展公共交通,促进铁路和水路运输的发展,以部分分流私人交通、公路和航空运输的交通需求增长,同时提高能源清洁化率和能效水平。     

低碳发展时代的世界与中国能源格局

哥本哈根会议认定了"2℃"和"在2050年前全球排放量减到1990年的一半",到2050年,碳减排要求世界人均能耗不高于2.5t标煤/a。能源碳强度ω是一个反映碳排放与能源结构关系的新指标,利用它与一次能源消费中生成并排放二氧化碳的各种形式能源所占比率γ的关联式ω=2.4γ进行推算:按照450情景方案,二氧化碳排放峰值307×108t出现在2020年,而能耗峰值在2030年左右;按照丹麦方案,二氧化碳排放峰值320×108t出现在2025年,能耗峰值也大约在2030年,将达到273×108t标煤/a,人均3.3t标煤/a。碳排放峰值年越推迟,达到2050年远期目标的难度越大。按照丹麦方案,2030~2050年的20年间,需平均每年减排10×108t二氧化碳,同时与450情景方案相比,大气中二氧化碳总量将增加400×108t以上。根据中国政府宣布的2010~2020年的减排目标推算,2020年能耗为41×108t标煤,二氧化碳排放约74×108t,中国只要能做到能耗强度每5年降低20%,就能够实现此目标。中国应在2020年之前快速发展非化石能源、加速产业转型、大力发展天然气、大幅提高能效,这样就完全能够与世界减排同行。     

China's transportation energy consumption and CO2 emissions from a global perspective

Rapidly growing energy demand from China's transportation sector in the last two decades have raised concerns over national energy security, local air pollution, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, and there is broad consensus that China's transportation sector will continue to grow in the coming decades. This paper explores the future development of China's transportation sector in terms of service demands, final energy consumption, and CO₂ emissions, and their interactions with global climate policy. This study develops a detailed China transportation energy model that is nested in an integrated assessment model—Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM)—to evaluate the long-term energy consumption and CO₂ emissions of China's transportation sector from a global perspective. The analysis suggests that, without major policy intervention, future transportation energy consumption and CO₂ emissions will continue to rapidly increase and the transportation sector will remain heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Although carbon price policies may significantly reduce the sector's energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, the associated changes in service demands and modal split will be modest, particularly in the passenger transport sector. The analysis also suggests that it is more difficult to decarbonize the transportation sector than other sectors of the economy, primarily owing to its heavy reliance on petroleum products.     

Analysis on energy intensive industries under Taiwan's climate change policy

This study addresses the planning and implementation of energy, industry, and carbon economy policies concerning the development of the Taiwan's energy intensive industries from perspective of climate change. As a newly industrialized country, Taiwan attaches greater importance to the development of green energy and low-carbon industries, in cooperation with global pressure for carbon reduction due to climate changes, through energy and industrial conferences. Thus, in the past year the Taiwanese government constructed four laws concerning energy and carbon reduction in order to drive the green energy industry; furthermore, it plans to reduce current carbon emission benchmarks. Nevertheless, statistical analysis found that in the last decade, energy intensive industries have presented structural unbalance regarding energy consumption, CO₂ emissions, energy intensity, contributions to the GDP, and product value. Industries in the industrial sector have high energy consumption, high carbon emissions, and increase total domestic consumption and carbon emissions, which have disproportionate contributions to industrial added value; nevertheless, the government continues to approve investments for such energy intensive industries, and results in continuous increases in energy consumption and carbon emissions. This contradictory phenomenon indicates that newly industrialized countries rely on a manufacturing economic structure, which is difficult to adjust and violates the trends of a global low-carbon economy. Hence, the government must examine and adjust such unbalanced industrial structures, where such adjustments are executed in a fair and just manner, and encourage the development of high value-added measures for low-carbon manufacturing and service sectors to become equal with competitors in a global economy.     

Energy [R]evolution 2010??a sustainable world energy outlook

The Energy [R]evolution 2010 scenario is an update of the Energy [R]evolution scenarios published in 2007 and 2008. It takes up recent trends in global energy demand and production and analyses to which extent this affects chances for achieving climate protection targets. The main target is to reduce global CO₂ emissions to 3.7 Gt/a in 2050, thus limiting global average temperature increase to below 2°C and preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. A ten-region energy system model is used for simulating global energy supply strategies. A review of sector and region specific energy efficiency measures resulted in the specification of a global energy demand scenario incorporating strong energy efficiency measures. The corresponding supply scenario has been developed in an iterative process in close cooperation with stakeholders and regional counterparts from academia, NGOs and the renewable energy industry. The Energy [R]evolution scenario shows that renewable energy can provide more than 80% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. Developing countries can virtually stabilise their CO₂ emissions by 2025 and reduce afterwards, whilst at the same time increasing energy consumption due to economic growth. OECD countries will be able to reduce their emissions by up to 90% by 2050. However, without a comprehensive energy efficiency implementation strategy across all sectors, the renewable energy development alone will not be enough to make these drastic emissions cuts.     

数据中心冷却节能研究进展

数据中心是信息行业的核心基础设施,其能耗巨大,我国数据中心电能使用效率（power usage effectiveness, PUE）远高于发达国家,开展数据中心节能研究具有重要的科学意义。本文从数据中心冷却节能中的核心问题出发,从自然冷却、气流组织优化、蓄冷三个方面对近年来国内外数据中心冷却节能的研究进展进行了阐述,提出自然冷却技术应因地制宜地采用,并应针对自然冷源条件差的地区开展更深入的研究;气流组织优化应在现有气流控制方式基础上针对高功率密度机柜开展机柜级气流组织优化研究;蓄冷技术能为数据中心运营商带来巨大的经济效益,也能给发电和电网输配效率带来巨大提升,现有蓄冷技术蓄冷密度有待提升,针对数据中心应用场景的蓄冷控制策略优化研究应当引起重视。     

A multivariate causality test of carbon dioxide emissions,energy consumption and economic growth in China

This paper uses multivariate co-integration Granger causality tests to investigate the correlations between carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China. Some researchers have argued that the adoption of a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption as a long term policy goal will result in a closed-form relationship, to the detriment of the economy. Therefore, a perspective that can make allowances for the fact that the exclusive pursuit of economic growth will increase energy consumption and CO₂ emissions is required; to the extent that such growth will have adverse effects with regard to global climate change.     

能耗指标与数据中心的关系研究

  目的  目前我国数据中心行业所面临的首要问题是节能评估，即“能评”问题。近年来，数据中心行业由于“能评”问题，造成大量的投资浪费，同时严重制约了我国数据中心行业的发展，进而影响我国“新基建”中的大数据中心、人工智能、工业互联网等领域的发展。  方法  结合数据中心行业的特点，通过对节能评估制度，即“能评”制度（固定资产投资项目节能评估制度）系统地、全面地分析，提炼出该制度在数据中心行业中落地的关键因素。  结果  系统地阐述了这些关键因素，即能耗指标的由来、标准煤的定义、电网电力折算标准煤系数、电力当量值与等价值的含义与区别、数据中心行业分类的变迁、数据中心工业增加值的计算方法以及电网电力碳排放的计算方法。从宏观的角度，系统地诠释能耗指标与数据中心之间的关系。  结论  对于数据中心行业参与方，通过了解这些关键因素以及因素之间的关系，有助于理解我国现有及未来制定的“数据中心”相关政策，对于推动数据中心行业的发展、进而推动“新基建”的发展，具有重要的战略指导意义。