将二氧化碳“变废为宝”的CCS技术

CCS(Carbon Capture and Storage)即二氧化碳(CO2)的捕集与封存技术。CCS技术是通过二氧化碳捕集技术,将工业和有关能源产业所生产的二氧化碳分离出来,再通过碳储存手段,将其输送并封存到海底或地下等与大气隔绝的地方。目     

燃煤电厂醇胺化学吸收法捕集和封存CO2全生命周期碳排放分析

运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法对采用醇胺溶液(MEA)吸收CO2的2×300MW燃煤电厂CO2捕集和封存(CCS)技术改造过程进行了系统地分析,分别计算了系统建设、运行及退役,应用MEA吸收CO2、对CO2压缩并管道运输和地质储存等各阶段的CO2排放量.结果表明:全生命周期内采用MEA化学吸收法CCS技术改造后的燃煤电厂CO2的直接减排率可达86.24%左右,CCS系统全生命周期CO2排放量为960.93 t/d;电厂发电运行过程与CCS系统运行的CO2排放量在全生命周期排放中占较大比重,分别为46.96%和47.62%左右;采用MEA技术捕集CO2并进行封存的成本约为23.80～44.90美元/t.     

碳捕集与封存技术(CCS)成本及政策分析

当前,减排CO2的呼声日益高涨。在未来相当长的时间内,我国一次能源仍将以煤为主,而用于发电的煤炭量占到煤炭消费总量的一半以上,已成为国内CO2排放的重要来源。整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电技术不仅具有燃料来源广、发电效率提升空间大等优点,而且能以较低的成本实现CO2减排。以IGCC碳捕集结合强化采油为例,分析碳捕集与封存(CCS)全过程CO2减排成本。结果表明,在IGCC电站进行碳捕集结合强化采油的情景下,捕集CO2的IGCC系统的发电成本低于不捕集CO2的IGCC电站的发电成本。CO2减排成本主要受井口油价及CO2利用率影响,当井口油价超过14.642美元/bbl时,CO2减排成本为负值。CCS的发展将经历示范、扩大规模和商业化三个阶段,针对不同的发展阶段,政府应分别采取相应的政策措施。在示范阶段,应加强对相关技术研究的支持,提供财政补贴;在扩大规模阶段,应重点采取财政补贴措施,并配以CCS发电配额标准和CCS电力贸易体系;在商业化阶段,政府已无需继续提供财政补贴,而CCS发电配额标准和认证贸易体系仍将是一个有效的方法。     

燃煤电厂二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存技术

结合华能集团在CO2捕集方面所开展的工作,介绍了国内外在燃煤电厂CO2捕集、利用与封存方面的技术进展。建设附CO2捕集和封存（CCS）的低碳排放燃煤电厂,是今后燃煤发电所必须面对的课题,同时对CO2的资源化利用也应引起足够的重视。     

碳捕集与封存

正碳捕集与封存(简称CCS)是指将大型发电厂所产生的二氧化碳(CO2)收集起来,并用各种方法储存以避免其排放到大气中的一种技术。这种技术被认为是未来大规模减少温室气体排放、减缓全球变暖最经济、可行的方法。CCS技术可以分为捕集、运输以及封存三个步骤,商业化的二氧化碳捕集已经运营了一段时间,技术已发展得较为成熟,而二氧化碳封存技术各国还在进行大规模的实验。二氧化碳的捕集方式主要有三种:燃烧前捕集、富氧燃烧和燃烧后捕集。燃烧前捕集主要运用于IGCC(整体煤气化联     

全球碳捕集与封存(CCS)进展分析及建议

碳捕集与封存（Carbon Captureand Storage,简称CCS）。是指把发电等固定排放源排放的CO2捕集起来,进行利用或注入到深部咸水层等永久封存的过程。它是包括CO2捕集、输送、利用、封存等多种技术的组合技术,是潜在的重要碳减排技术之一。据IEA估计。若要达到2050年全球温室气体排放相比2005年减少50％的目标,     

中国碳捕集与封存技术的突破性进展

正中国在碳捕集与封存(CCS)方面积极与澳大利亚、英国等技术发达国家合作,积极发展碳捕集与封存的试点项目。2008年7月,中国华能集团与澳大利亚联邦科学工业研究组织(CSIRO)正式宣布在北京建的燃煤电厂二氧化碳(CO2)捕集示范工程建成投产。这项由华能控股的,由西安热工研究院设计完成的华能北京热电厂CO2捕集示范工程,是中国首个燃煤电厂烟气CO2捕集示范工程,预计其年回收CO2能力可达到3000t。     

发展碳捕集、利用与封存对广东的产业机会

碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)作为最有前景和有效深度减排的低碳技术之一,将给传统化石能源行业、制造业、建造业、工程服务业和金融行业等产业带来显著的发展机会。分析了英国CCS商业化示范项目带来的CO₂减排贡献,潜在CCUS供应链的商业机会、设备和技术需求,以及英国采用海底封存的原因,结合我国广东省实际情况,探讨了CCUS技术对广东省带来的产业机会。研究表明:尽管全球CCUS市场还没到达迅速增长阶段,但如果现在不及早准备逐步推动示范项目和相关产业发展的政策,将会失去发展CCUS相关产业和进入其供应链的机会。CCUS相关技术和装备都在广东省现有能源行业等非CCUS领域有广泛应用和市场,结合广东省装备制造和能源服务企业,开展国内外企业合作,可为CCUS产业发展和成本下降做出贡献。     

碳捕集与封存技术的现状与未来

全球气候变暖问题已经越来越严重,碳捕集与封存（CCS）技术被看作是最具发展前景的解决方案之一,随着研究的不断深入,CCS技术成本将进一步降低。碳捕集工艺按操作时间可分为燃烧前捕集、富氧燃烧捕集和燃烧后捕集,其中最有发展前景的是富氧燃烧捕集。CO2-EOR技术虽然不是直接针对性地封存二氧化碳,但其不仅可以解决二氧化碳的封存问题,还能提高油田采收率,近年来得到广泛应用。我国在CCS技术的研究上进行了大量工作,CCS技术已被列入＂973计划＂和＂863计划＂,北京高碑店热电厂二氧化碳捕集示范工程受到国内外的关注。虽然CCS技术取得了长足的进步,但仍面临着很多问题,如二氧化碳泄漏问题、技术难点、建设和运行成本高昂等。CCS技术项目投资较大,如果没有政府在立法和税收机制上的激励与优惠措施,很难真正进入商业化应用阶段。好在种种迹象表明,随着全球气候问题的加剧,各国政府越来越重视CCS技术的研发和利用。     

CO2的捕集和封存技术的现状、前景与挑战

本文对CO2捕集和封存技术的现状、前景和可能遇到的挑战进行了论述,指出CO2捕集是煤炭现代化利用的一个重要趋势。同时指出,成本、捕集效率和方式都是影响CO2捕集和封存发展的重要因素,目前一些问题仍需要得到进一步证实。     

Study of a roadmap for carbon capture and storage development in Guangdong Province,China

Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are increasing rapidly in Guangdong, an economically developed Chinese province. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important approach to lower carbon concentration in this area. This study provides guidance and recommendations for CCS development and demonstration by analysing the necessity of CCS in Guangdong. Furthermore, this study identifies the major opportunities and technical demands related to CCS development in this province based on a sectoral analysis of emission inventory and the forecasting and identification of the potential CO ₂ storage capacity. A CCS development roadmap is then developed for Guangdong based on the analysis results, and the milestone goals of this roadmap from the present until 2030 are presented in accordance with the development of technology in and the current status of Guangdong. In addition, the roadmap suggests CCS support policies.     

The public perspective of carbon capture and storage for CO2 emission reductions in China

To explore public awareness of carbon capture and storage (CCS), attitudes towards the use of CCS and the determinants of CCS acceptance in China, a study was conducted in July 2009 based on face-to-face interviews with participants across the country. The result showed that the awareness of CCS was low among the surveyed public in China, compared to other clean energy technologies. Respondents indicated a slightly supportive attitude towards the use of CCS as an alternative technology to CO₂ emission reductions. The regression model revealed that in addition to CCS knowledge, respondents’ understanding of the characteristics of CCS, such as the maturity of the technology, risks, capability of CO2 emission reductions, and CCS policy were all significant factors in predicting the acceptance of CCS. The findings suggest that integrating public education and communication into CCS development policy would be an effective strategy to overcome the barrier of low public acceptance.     

碳捕捉与封存技术浅论

全球变暖已成为国际关注的问题,以全球气温变暖为背景介绍一种新的节能减排技术——二氧化碳捕捉与封存技术（CSS技术）。CCS技术是实现温室气体减排的重要途径之一,具有良好的发展前景,备受发达国家的重视和发展中国家的关注。论述有关二氧化碳捕捉与封存技术各个环节的进展和存在的问题,简要介绍了碳捕捉方面的新技术和CSS的工程应用。     

A real options–based CCS investment evaluation model: Case study of China’s power generation sector

This paper establishes a carbon capture and storage (CCS) investment evaluation model based on real options theory considering uncertainties from the existing thermal power generating cost, carbon price, thermal power with CCS generating cost, and investment in CCS technology deployment. The model aims to evaluate the value of the cost saving effect and amount of CO₂ emission reduction through investing in newly-built thermal power with CCS technology to replace existing thermal power in a given period from the perspective of power generation enterprises. The model is solved by the Least Squares Monte Carlo (LSM) method. Since the model could be used as a policy analysis tool, China is taken as a case study to evaluate the effects of regulations on CCS investment through scenario analysis. The findings show that the current investment risk of CCS is high, climate policy having the greatest impact on CCS development. Thus, there is an important trade off for policy makers between reducing greenhouse gas emissions and protecting the interests of power generation enterprises. The research presented would be useful for CCS technology evaluation and related policy-making.     

Technological uncertainty and cost effectiveness of CO2 emission reduction

This paper studies implications of uncertainty about CO₂ backstop technology for cost effectiveness of CO₂ emission reduction policy. For this purpose, we develop a dynamic general equilibrium model that captures empirical links between CO₂ emissions associated with energy use, the rate and direction of technical change and the economy. We specify CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) as the backstop technology whose arrival is anticipated or not. We find a negative value of information in that the discounted welfare loss associated with the emission reduction is lower if CCS is not anticipated. CO₂ shadow prices are then relatively high in the years before the CCS has arrived. By not simply waiting with the emission reduction until CCS has arrived, one relies more on economy wide technical change and its welfare enhancing technology externalities in turn allowing for a higher steady state. We believe that policy makers should thus be prudent in designing CO₂ emission reduction policy and be careful not to let polluters become complacent by postponing some of their emission reduction efforts awaiting the silver bullet technology on the horizon.     

我国钢铁与水泥行业利用CCS技术市场潜力分析

减少温室气体排放是全球发展大趋势,CCS技术被认为是未来控制CO2排放的重要技术之一。本文介绍了我国钢铁和水泥行业能源消费特点,重点对我国未来20年钢铁和水泥行业CO2排放及运用CCS技术的潜力进行了初步分析,得出钢铁和水泥行业运用CCS技术可捕获CO2的潜力分别为5亿t和3～4亿t左右。     

中国未来二氧化碳减排技术应向CCU方向发展

文章介绍了我国CCS及CCUS的基本情况,并对其发展过程中存在的主要困难与问题进行了分析,鉴于CO2地质封存可能成为CCS或CCUS技术发展的主要障碍,作者提出了在我国实现大规模CO2矿化利用的CCU(CO2 capture and utilization)发展新理念,选取了可参考的三条CCU技术发展路线,即利用氯化镁矿化CO2联产盐酸和碳酸镁技术路线、固废磷石膏矿化CO2联产硫基复合肥技术路线和利用钾长石矿化利用CO2的技术路线。文章最后就如何在我国发展和部署CCU技术路线方案提出了若干建议。     

Carbon capture and storage as a corporate technology strategy challenge

Latest estimates suggest that widespread deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) could account for up to one-fifth of the needed global reduction in CO₂ emissions by 2050. Governments are attempting to stimulate investments in CCS technology both directly through subsidizing demonstration projects, and indirectly through developing price incentives in carbon markets. Yet, corporate decision-makers are finding CCS investments challenging. Common explanations for delay in corporate CCS investments include operational concerns such as the high cost of capture technologies, technological uncertainties in integrated CCS systems and underdeveloped regulatory and liability regimes. In this paper, we place corporate CCS adoption decisions within a technology strategy perspective. We diagnose four underlying characteristics of the strategic CCS technology adoption decision that present unusual challenges for decision-makers: such investments are precautionary, sustaining, cumulative and situated. Understanding CCS as a corporate technology strategy challenge can help us move beyond the usual list of operational barriers to CCS and make public policy recommendations to help overcome them.     

二氧化碳捕获与封存技术进展及存在的问题分析

论述了国内外二氧化碳捕获与封存（CCS）技术的进展,分析了CCS技术发展存在的问题和潜在风险。CCS技术是最具发展潜力的大规模二氧化碳减排技术,世界上许多国家和公司都开展了相关的研究探索与实践工作。预计随着该技术的逐渐成熟,在进一步降低成本、解决可能出现的泄露、公众认知不够等风险与障碍后,应用前景将极为广阔。今后,CCS技术的发展应更重视国际间合作,该技术的应用,可以减缓全球气侯变暖趋势。