绿色人居中的智慧与行动

四合院、永定土楼、吊脚楼、蒙古包……我国幅员辽阔,自然环境多种多样,在漫长的历史发展过程中各地逐步形成不同的民居建筑形式,这些传统民居不但深深地打上了地理环境的烙印,更生动地反映了人与自然的关系.如江南地区的“四水归堂”(意为各屋面内侧坡的雨水都流入天井)和潮汕地区的“四点民居”,屋顶铺小青瓦,室内多以石板铺地,极其适合温湿的气候;再如分布在中国中西部的河南、山西、陕西、甘肃、青海等黄土层较厚地区的窑洞,利用黄土的天然特性,水平挖掘出拱形窑洞——不但节省建筑材料、施工技术简单,而且冬暖夏凉,经济适用.     

我国被动式太阳房20例之（5）：西北窑洞改建工程（上）

我国被动式太阳房２０例之（５）──西北窑洞改建工程（上）李元哲一、概述我国西北腹地黄土高原地区窑洞建筑分布很广，约有４０００万人口居住在各式传统的窑洞中。它具有冬眠夏凉、节约能源、施工简单、造价低廉等优点，但是阴暗、潮湿、抗震性差。因此，窑洞住宅建设...     

中国农村民居屋顶分布式光伏发电的发展潜力分析

农村社区有充足的空间和较大的能源消费，应在实现碳达峰、碳中和的能源转型中发挥重要作用，然而许多关于能源转型的预测分析都未给予农村社区足够的关注。分析了中国大陆农村人口、家庭户数及能源消费的基本情况，从各具特色的农村民居出发，归纳了中国农村民居屋顶的主要类型，推算出农村民居屋顶面积的基本量；然后以此为基础，探讨了影响农村民居屋顶分布式光伏发电系统应用的主要因素，包括：屋顶基本形式、屋顶大小、屋顶强度、阴影、坡屋顶平面的倾斜度、屋顶平面的方位角、屋顶面积的可利用性等；并分别针对基本情景和积极情景，对中国农村民居屋顶分布式光伏发电系统的装机容量潜力和发电量，以及由此带来的环境效益和经济效益进行了预测，以说明发展农村民居屋顶分布式光伏发电可以在促进中国能源转型和助推乡村振兴方面发挥作用。结果表明：基本情景下，中国农村民居屋顶分布式光伏发电的装机容量潜力为348 GW；积极情景下，装机容量潜力为696 GW。     

内蒙古中南部农牧区居民过渡季热舒适研究

文章以内蒙古中南部地区乌兰察布周边某农牧区为例,通过现场跟踪测试和主观调查相结合的方法,采用PMV和MTS以及热中性温度等指标,分析了生土民居、砖瓦民居、民生工程民居在过渡季的人体热舒适性。结果表明：在过渡季,三种民居中MTS与PMV存在偏差,但整体均为MTS高于PMV,说明居民能够适应温度较低环境；生土民居、砖瓦民居、民生工程民居的实测热中性温度分别为15.9℃、16.6℃和18.8℃,预测热中性温度和实测差值分别为2.1℃、1.9℃和1.2℃,民生工程民居差值最小,说明其室内热环境优于砖瓦民居和生土民居；对农牧区居民80%和90%实测热中性温度范围与室外日平均温度回归分析,得出适宜当地居民过渡季的人体热舒适模型,为研究农牧区居民在过渡季的热舒适性提供参考。     

龙羊峡大跨度窑洞式安装间设计与施工

龙羊峡水电站工程，曾被外国专家誉为挑战性工程。窑洞式安装间开挖跨度最大为３８ｍ，其复杂的地质和自然条件，给设计和施工带来了很大的困难，设计人员在一年多的时间里，采用了数种计算方法，经施工单位的通力合作，终于完成了这项艰巨的任务。     

北京：全国第1个太阳能试点新民居

地处京津冀交界的北京市平谷区将军关村的80多户村民率先住上了全国第1个太阳能试点新民居。新民居采用了主被动式供暖技术。白天，太阳加热墙面和屋顶，通过遍布在墙体和地板的管道循环水进行储热。晚上，储备的热量通过地板、墙体对整个房间进行散热。同时，村民还可以通过储能罐用上热水。一套140m^2的新民居，一个采暖季只消耗100元左右的电费，可减少80％的能源消耗。     

北京：全国第一个太阳能试点新民居

地处京津冀交界的北京市平谷区将军关村的80多户村民率先住上了全国第一个太阳能试点新民居。新民居采用了主被动式供暖技术，白天，太阳加热墙面和屋顶，通过遍布在墙体和地板的管道循环水进行储热。晚上，储备的热量通过地板、墙体对整个房间进行散热。同时，村民还可以通过储能罐用上热水。一套140m^2的新民居，一个采暖季只消耗100元左右的电费．可减少80％的能源消耗。     

陕南秦巴山区乡村民居热环境测试研究

分别选取秦巴山区的两类代表性民居(生土民居和砖混民居),进行冬夏两季的室内外热环境测试,并分析建筑空间形式、构造特点对室内热环境的影响。测试分析结果表明,该地区冬季湿冷(室外空气温度平均值为4.6℃,相对湿度为71.4%),夏季湿热(室外空气温度平均值为31.8℃,相对湿度为59.1%),而现有民居的空间形式简单并且构造热工性能较差,因此室内热环境质量较差(冬季室内最高温度低于10℃,夏季室内最高温度高于30℃,且冬夏两季室内相对湿度均高于50%)。针对该地区民居构造特征及室内外热环境现状,提出增大南向开窗面积与加强通风相结合,以提高民居冬季集热与夏季自然通风降温的改造建议。     

太阳能采暖技术在新农村建设中的应用

一引言 2005年，北京市太阳能研究所有限公司抓住社会主义新农村建设的契机，在北京市平谷区新农村新民居可再生能源综合利用示范项目中，将太阳能光热转化技术、生物质炉与低温热水辐射地板采暖相结合，成功应用于农村新民居采暖，取得了非常不错的节能效果。     

窑洞拱顶稳态导热的数值研究

冬暖夏凉的被动式窑洞具有重要的研究价值。按窑顶形状可分为半园拱，割园拱，二心园拱等。本文通过对窑顶稳态导热的数值研究，得出不同位置，形状窑顶在内表面处于一，三类边界条件下的导热形态系数和传热系数的计算公式。     

附加阳光间型被动式太阳房传热量简化计算方法研究

附加阳光间型被动房传热量受室外空气温度和太阳辐射双波动扰动影响,导致其热负荷具有显著波动特征,传统稳态计算方法难以适用,而动态方法过于复杂,不适用于工程设计使用。基于此,该文采用周期反应系数法研究结构参数和被动房传热量之间的定量关系,并结合结构参数,提出附加阳光间型被动房热负荷简化计算新方法。结果表明阳光间总传热量受公用墙体构造变化影响较大,内门传热量与公用墙体热阻呈正相关,墙体传热量与墙体热阻呈负相关;同类围护结构下,不同参数组合下公用墙导热量与阳光间空气温度变化规律趋势一致,进而提出附加阳光间导热变化系数和温度变化系数,以该参数为基础建立了关键结构参数与传热量之间的多元回归模型,该简化计算方法与实测值对比结果表明吻合度较大,简化计算方法精度较高,可供实际工程设计使用。     

寒冷地区村镇附加阳光间住宅围护结构能耗实测分析

针对寒冷地区村镇附加阳光间典型住宅,在采暖期平均气温最低月份现场实测了典型住宅围护结构能耗情况,测试内容包括热环境、采暖耗热量、围护结构热工缺陷及传热系数,为进一步了解掌握村镇典型住宅能耗缺陷提供了实测数据。实测结果表明：住宅气密性较差,传热系数均不满足规范要求,外墙超标率高达165.23%,外墙、屋顶和外窗理论值与实测值相差分别为16.82%、3.04%、23.07%;采暖耗热量超标率为109.43%;附加阳光间比室外平均温度高7.47 ℃,但其温度不稳定,测试期间供暖卧室温度达到14 ℃的天数仅占47%。最后通过分析测试数据提出合理选择附加阳光间形式和围护结构节能措施等节能设计建议,推进附加阳光间在寒冷地区村镇住宅的应用。     

Thermal simulation of an attached sunspace and its experimental validation

Usual thermal-simulation models are not well suited for highly-glazed spaces, mainly due to the fact that they do not properly consider solar radiation distribution and reflection inside the sunspace. This paper deals with a new thermal-simulation model for an attached sunspace. The main characteristics of the mathematical model are explained. For the present model, special care is taken for the modelling of the internal long-wave radiation exchanges and solar radiation distribution within the sunspace. The validation of the model is made by comparing the calculated results and experimental data, obtained from a full-scale test facility, which is also described. Good agreement is obtained between numerical results and the experimental data. The mean difference between the peak calculated and measured air temperature at the center of the sunspace is equal to 2.4 °C. The differences between results of the model and measurements are about 11%, in terms of net energy supplied to the adjacent room by the sunspace. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is made in order to determine which parameters of the model have the strongest influence on results. It is also explained why approximations normally used in common thermal simulation models, like distributing the transmitted beam solar radiation onto the interior surfaces by the view factor method, is not well suited for highly glazed spaces. This model is an appropriate tool for determining the energy savings attained through the construction of a sunspace attached to a dwelling. This model is therefore considered useful in helping architects to design solar passive housing.     

Solar heat gains and operative temperature in attached sunspaces

Solar heat gains obtainable from attached sunspaces to air-conditioned rooms are evaluated by means of the solution to the optical problem of incident solar radiation absorption through the windows and of the temperature field in the shell separating the sunspace from outdoors and adjacent spaces. The effective absorption coefficient of the sunspace was used for these evaluations as well as the ratio of the absorbed energy of the internal surfaces to the solar energy entering, and the utilization factor of the solar contributions that represent the fraction of the absorbed energy supplied to the indoor air. With reference to a pre-established geometry and to a system of windows made up of clear double-glazing, the solar gains of the sunspace and the adjacent spaces are calculated for some Italian localities at variation of exposure, optical properties and thermal capacity of the opaque surfaces, the amount of ventilation and of the shading device. Finally, the operative temperature was determined for an estimate of comfort acceptability conditions in the sunspace.     

封闭阳台温差修正系数取值及其对供暖设计的影响

封闭式阳台作为居住建筑延伸空间,是被动式附加阳光间的一种形式。该文通过分析封闭阳台型式、围护结构热工性能、太阳辐射强度、外遮阳等因素对阳台温差修正系数α的影响,推荐给出严寒、寒冷、夏热冬冷地区代表城市居住建筑不同型式封闭阳台适用于工程应用的温差修正系数简便计算公式,为准确评估封闭阳台这类附加阳光间对供暖房间增益效果提供依据。分别采用该文推荐公式计算α值、现行规范建议值0.7,计算代表城市居住建筑封闭阳台的温度、分隔封闭阳台与供暖房间的围护结构耗热量（该文中简称“内围护结构”）以及建筑供暖设计负荷,并发现满足现行节能规范的居住建筑封闭阳台温度均高于α取0.7对应的设计计算温度,阳台温度不都能达到现行热工规范要求的12 ℃,指出不同现行规范对应条款衔接还存在不足;同时,内围护结构耗热量差异率高达42%~81%,建筑供暖设计负荷差异率也达到12%~22%,按规范建议的0.7计算会增大供暖房间末端设备与建筑供暖系统热源容量,会导致房间过热,热源设备低负荷运行时间延长,投资与能耗增加。     

反向阳光间被动式太阳能空气采暖系统

介绍一种多层建筑中反向阳光间被动式太阳能空气采暖系统。它通过置于屋顶和地面的风管实现公寓中南部阳光间的太阳能得热向北部阳光间的自然传递。南部阳光间受热的空气上升，进入置于屋顶的风管，并通过这些风管流向北部阳光间；同时，南部阳光间置换出的空气被由北部阳光间的通过置于地面风管流向南部阳光间的较冷的空气所代替。由于系统还可用于东西阳光间之间，建筑物不受相对于太阳朝向的限制。     

Experimental comparison of a sunspace and a water hybrid solar device using the LESO test facility

The LESO is an experimental facility, designed to include up to nine different solar facades, under study for one or two years. The building is occupied by the solar research team itself. By monitoring the facility, one can determine the influence that the inhabitants have on the thermal performance of the solar devices. Among six facades, a sunspace and a water hybrid solar system have been investigated. An on-site comparison of their performances has been carried out. It was shown that user influence on the systems' thermal performance indicators is strongly linked to their thermal and visual comfort. Some design rules specific to the considered solar devices have been pointed out. It appears, that both good thermal design and adaptability of the solar system to comfort requirements must be equally considered to reach optimal energy performances.     

严寒地区农宅阳光间节能及玻璃优化分析

随着人们对室内环境要求的提高，我国农村住宅建筑（简称：农宅）的能源消耗逐年增加。为减少农宅能耗，降低二氧化碳排放，满足节能需求，提出一种附加阳光间的被动农宅形式。通过EnergyPlus对该附加阳光间农宅进行了分析，获得了其采暖期的建筑能耗，研究了附加阳光间玻璃层数、填充气体及空气层厚度等因素对农宅能耗的影响，并优化了附加阳光间的玻璃结构。研究结果发现，与传统农宅相比，在农宅南侧附加阳光间，可减少建筑采暖能耗1115.64 kw·h。双层玻璃内填充气体种类和空气厚度对建筑能耗影响较大。其中，填充氪气时建筑能耗最低，空气层厚度9mm时建筑节能效果最好。     

On the use of sunspace for space heating/cooling in Europe

The heating/cooling potential of a typical sunspace has been investigated in the present study as a function of different climatic conditions in several locations throughout Europe. Passive solar design is mainly concentrated on providing space heating during winter as well as on avoiding overheating during the summer period. In the present paper the feasibility of a sunspace as a heating system was studied taking into account the climatic conditions. Simultaneously, various passive cooling techniques are proposed and examined in order to avoid overheating during summer. For this reason, a representative case study is presented and simulated for several climatic conditions. The simulated results showed that sunspaces can be an appropriate and effective system all over Europe during the cold period of the year. Thermal mass within buildings, shading devices, buried pipes and night ventilation techniques can be essential and effective methods to control overheating during summer.     

高温肋板式蓄热器蓄/放热特性的数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学方法对高温不锈钢肋板式相变蓄热器的蓄/放热特性进行了数值模拟。分析了多孔肋片和锯齿肋片对蓄热器蓄/放热特性的影响以及载热体入口温度和流量对相变材料熔化和凝固速度的影响,计算结果表明:在该新型肋板式相变蓄热器中,多孔翅片的性能优于锯齿肋片;随着蓄热器传热温差的增大和载热体流量的增加,蓄热器的蓄/放热性能越好;肋片作为换热元件可以很好的提高蓄热器的蓄/放热性能。所得结论可为高温肋板式蓄热器的优化设计提供有益的参考。