浅析永定县规模化养猪场的可持续发展

简述福建省永定县近几年规模化养猪业发展情况,及其粪污产生量,分析区域内耕地对粪污的承载能力,预测粪污对环境的负面影响,提出了发展生态模式和综合利用模式的几点建议。     

规模化养猪场粪污重金属动态流向分析研究

主要分析当前规模化养猪场粪污重金属残留及其粪污综合利用过程中的重金属污染问题,并针对规模化养猪场产生的粪污及其综合处理可作为资源再利用过程中产生的粪渣、沉渣、沼液、沼渣等产物中Cu、Zn、As重金属的含量,确定其粪污综合处理过程中的各产物中重金属含量变化,制定规模化养猪场粪污重金属动态流向表,为粪便资源化安全高效利用提供研究数据及理论基础。     

沼气工程安全管理常识

沼气工程是以开发利用人畜粪污为对象，以获取能源和治理环境污染为目的，实现农业生态良性循环的农村能源工程，对农业可持续发展具有重大意义。     

规模猪场能源生态型和能源环保型粪污处理模式温室气体减排量评估

能源生态型和能源环保型粪污处理模式是两种常用的先进粪污处理系统,由于处理工艺的不同,其温室气体减排量也不同.文章运用联合国给定的方法学对能源生态型和能源环保型两种先进粪污处理系统的减排量进行定量计算和评估对比,分析其潜在经济效益.案例选自河南某存栏9000头的规模猪场,基准线以及项目活动排放源包括厌氧消化和好氧过程产生的CH4以及粪污在存贮和利用的过程中产生的N2O;减排量是指基准线排放和项目活动排放的差值.经过估算,运用能源生态型处理系统,年减排温室气总量为8 140tCO2当量,减排效率为81.9%;运用能源环保型处理系统,年减排温室气体总量为8616.5tCO2当量,减排效率为86.7%.可见,能源环保型粪污处理系统的减排效果要优于能源生态型粪污处理系统.     

畜禽养殖粪污综合利用问题及对策

随着畜禽养殖业的发展规模持续扩大,其产生的粪污数量不断增多,造成的污染问题也变得越来越严重,成为阻碍当前畜禽养殖产业可持续发展的主要因素。因此,多数地区都开始采取相应的治理举措,畜禽粪污综合化利用成为治理的主要模式,但在实际治理中却遇到了很多亟待解决的问题。为此,本文深入分析畜禽养殖粪污综合利用问题,并提出相应的对策以供参考。     

规模奶牛场粪污处理系统CDM项目开发案例分析

通过具体的案例.对规模奶牛场粪污处理系统实施CDM项目的额外性论证和减排量估算进行了详细的分析.结果表明:项目具有很好的额外性,在北方地区存栏6 000头左右的规模奶牛场,粪污处理系统实施CDM项目后可实现年减排约1万tCO2当量;通过出售这些减排量可以带给项目额外的经济收益,对项目内部经济性有很大改善.如不计减排收入,项目的收益率为7.7%,计人后,收益率提高到12.0%;通过实施CDM项目可以对我国规模奶牛场沼气工程的发展起到良好的促进作用.     

CSTR和HCPF工艺在沼气工程的应用对比分析

在国家相关政策的支持和鼓励下,以产沼气为主的厌氧发酵大型沼气工程是畜禽粪污处置的发展趋势。中温湿式厌氧发酵工艺是国内外主流工艺,并发展出众多的反应器类型。其中,CSTR反应器和HCPF反应器可处置含固率较高的畜禽粪污,单位容积产气量大,因而得到较广泛的关注。结合实际工程案例,详细对比分析了2种反应器的结构、工艺特点、产气率和初投资等,为大型沼气工程项目的工艺选择和方案制定提供参考和依据。     

芬顿法处理高浓度COD沼液的试验

<正>有机废水是以有机污染物为主的废水，主要来源于印染、制药、造纸、金属冶炼、焦化、石油加工以及畜禽养殖业等行业。主要污染物有：芳香族化合物、杂环化合物、卤代烃、部分氮化物和硫化物，以及一些其他的有毒物质。这类废水成分复杂，危害性大，对环境损害极大。当下，随着中国农业现代化的可持续发展，我国畜禽养殖业在生产能力和规模得到快速提高的同时，带动了沼气工业的大规模发展，畜禽养殖粪污资源化获得了非常显著的效果。但是，在提供清洁能源的同时，养殖业由于副产诸多，产生大量沼液废水以及沼渣等污染问题，给环境造成了较大的危害。沼液废水是一种高浓度有机废水，     

典型流域农业面源污染治理技术评价与优选

以天津市境内的于桥水库流域为例,采用层次分析法围绕现阶段区域内农业面源污染防治主要处理技术及典型模式进行评价优选,得出多级AO为流域内农村生活污水治理首选技术;选取"种养一体"模式下的典型规模场,进行样品测试分析得出畜禽粪污还田的稀释配比范围在1∶8～1∶20之间;并利用氮养分平衡方法分析得出流域内各乡镇的畜禽粪污土地承载能力。研究成果能较为全面地指导类似流域的农业面源污染治理,同时亦为畜禽养殖行业发展提供规划依据。     

丝锥加工螺纹的研究

通过对切削过程的分析，找出了丝锥破损的原因，试验出了提高丝锥强度的热处理工艺，找到了解决线锥由于冷焊造成破损的措施，通过对丝锥几何尺寸及攻丝系统的分析，找出了攻丝攻出的螺纹不合格的原因，并提出了改进措施，为提高丝锥耐磨性，提出了６种表面处理措施。     

Optimization of biogas from chicken droppings with Cymbopogon citratus

Optimization of biogas production and quality from chicken droppings by anaerobic co-digestion with Cymbopogon citratus was investigated. The anaerobic digestions of chicken droppings, chicken droppings with C. citratus as well as C. citratus alone were carried out for a period of 30 days at an average ambient temperature of 33.1 ± 2 °C using identical reactors (A–C) respectively. Results obtained indicate that chicken droppings produced on the average 1.8 L/kg/day of biogas, co-digestion of chicken droppings and C. citratus produced 1.3 L/kg/day of biogas while C. citratus alone produced 1.0 L/kg/day with estimated average methane content of 41.71%, 66.20% and 71.95% for reactors A–C respectively. The water boiling rates of biogas from chicken droppings, chicken droppings with C. citratus, and C. citratus alone were 0.079 L/min, 0.091 L/min and 0.12 L/min respectively, after the gases were scrubbed with water and slaked lime. It was observed that notwithstanding the higher biogas volumetric yield from chicken droppings digested alone, the co-digestion of chicken droppings with C. citratus had better gas quality with respect to the methane content present and cooking rate. This study has shown that the methane content of biogas from animal manure substrates could be improved by co-digestion with energy plants.     

基于迁移学习的光伏组件鸟粪覆盖检测

该文基于无人机光伏组件可见光图像采集,提出一种基于迁移学习的光伏组件鸟粪检测方法.方法首先基于掩膜区域卷积神经网络(Mask-RCNN)对光伏组件边界进行框选,再利用迁移学习策略,构建光伏组件鸟粪缺陷检测模型,实现鸟粪智能检测.利用上述方法,实现光伏组件鸟粪覆盖检测准确率为96.75％.     

Assessment of biofertilizer quality and health implications of anaerobic digestion effluent of cow dung and chicken droppings

Anaerobic digestate have been identified as a rich source of essential plant nutrients. Nevertheless, its safety measured by the concentration of pathogen present is of great concern to end users. This research explored the efficiency of the mesophilic biodigestion process in the stabilization and sanitization of cow dung and chicken droppings. Six (6) kg each of cow dung and chicken droppings were collected fresh and free from impurities, pre-fermented, mixed with water in the ratio 1:1 w/v to form slurry, fed into the respective reactors and digested for 30 days at an average ambient temperature of 30 ± 2 °C. The pH of the medium fluctuated between 6.5 and 8.0. The analysis of the feedstock and effluent of the digesters showed that a total solids reduction of 75.3% and 60.1% were recorded for cow dung and chicken droppings while the reduction in total coliforms was 95% and 70% respectively for the dung and droppings. Microbial analysis of the biofertilizer produced reveals both aerobic and anaerobic organisms which include species of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Clostridium, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Salmonella, Penicillum and Aspergillus. Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. were removed while species of Salmonella and Klebsiella were still present in the digestate. Notwithstanding these results, the digestate still requires further treatment for it to be suitable for application on unrestricted crops either as fertilizer; otherwise a health problem would be created as attempt is made to improve soil fertility.     

西藏能源利用现状及发展探讨

能源安全是西藏的现代化建设的重要基础,尽管西藏能源建设取得很大进展,但形势仍不容乐观。本文在全面分析了西藏未来发展的能源资源基础、能源生产和消费特点和以生物质能为主能源消费结构对环境的影响的基础上,提出了未来西藏能源发展的方向是积极引导和鼓励调整能源消费结构,充分利用太阳能、风能和水能等可再生能源,减少生物质能源消费。     

Enhancement of animal waste biomethanation using fruit waste as co-substrate and chicken rumen as inoculums

This work investigated the effects of co-substrates (orange, mango, and pineapple wastes) and inoculums (chicken rumen), pH, and total solid (TS) content on animal waste (cow dung, pig dung, poultry droppings) for efficient and high biomethane production. The biomethanation experiments were carried out in five different 1.5 L anaerobic digesters and incubated for 10 weeks. The results showed that co-digestion of animal wastes with fruit wastes and inoculums (additives) increased biomethane yield and reduced the startup time for biomethane generation as compared to animal wastes alone. In addition, cumulative biomethane yield increased with increase in pH while it decreased with increase in TS content.     

输电线路鸟粪故障分析与工程治理

为有效降低鸟粪故障跳闸发生的频次,通过分析研究其共性特点,找出鸟类体积尺寸和地理环境系数关键技术指标并进行了量化,建立了统一鸟害系数与防鸟害措施的一一对应关系,给出了体系建设过程中鸟类体积尺寸确定、防鸟技术分类、现场调查、防鸟害评估等具体方法和范例,由此建立了鸟害区段图绘制的理论基础,提出了混合型防鸟害技术思路和干字型塔中相吊串防鸟害新技术。实例应用表明,该治理技术效果明显。     

Enhancement of a stand-alone photovoltaic system’s performance: Reduction of soft and hard shading

A stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system is the most promising solution to supply electric power to meet energy demand in isolated locations. This technology can offer an interesting alternative to other currently existing sources of energy. Due to space constraint in the remote offshore oil and gas industry, a stand-alone system is used for cathodic protection, telemetry and valve control. However in such an environment, dust accumulation and bird droppings have been critical issues to the operation of off-grid solar devices. These factors do not only reduce the available power of the modules but also makes the cost of solar devices ineffective since cleaning, especially on well-head towers, is very expensive due to the location. Hence this paper presents two technical solutions that have shown promising results in reducing the impact of these factors.     

Technical computations for dependent shear rate effect on magnetized peristaltic transport of synovia with two fluid viscosity models: Arthritis treatments

Synovitis studies are the key to the treatment of most arthritis diseases in a human physique. So this study visualizes the effects of two dependent fluid viscosity models on magnet nano peristaltic transport of synovial fluid in nonuniform channel walls. Two fluid models are constructed, the first model considered that the Shear rate is dependent on fluid concentration (model-I), and the exponentially dependent viscosity on the fluid concentration is proposed as a second model (model-II). The fluid models are represented by a highly nonlinear system of partial differential equations. Joule heat, thermal radiation, and Arrhenius energy are studied as external effects. Those models are offered in a gradient mechanism, then simplified using droppings bars and using the fact of long wavelength, and low Reynolds. Pressure gradient and trapped bolus profiles and shear stress distribution as well as fluid temperature, velocity, and concentration performance are scrutinized. Analytical results are obtained in appropriate/chosen boundary conditions depending on the walls of the channel. Attracted/signified results are compared with the nearest trusted results by Khan et al. Solution intervals are sub-divided and analytically treated at each of them by multi-stage differential transform algorithms. Outcomes gratify that, joints are provided by more cushion and lubrication at high fluid temperatures. Magnetic effects are advised in rheumatoid arthritis treatments, increasing the synovial fluid temperature and allowing fluid particles to move freely inside joints.     

Catalytic decomposition of tar derived from biomass pyrolysis using Ni-loaded chicken dropping catalysts

The Ni-loaded chicken droppings (Ni/CD) and chicken dropping ash (Ni/CDA) were prepared by the impregnation method and applied as catalysts for biomass tar decomposition at low temperature (450 °C) under N₂ and steam/N₂ conditions. The prepared samples and the supports were characterized by N₂ adsorption measurements, X-ray diffraction, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results reveal that Ni/CD and Ni/CDA showed higher catalytic activity for tar decomposition, in terms of producing hydrogen-rich gas, relative to commercial Ni/Al₂O₃ under N₂ conditions. This higher activity was caused by lower interactions of Ni with the support and the presence of additional reduced Ni. In the case of steam reforming, Ni/CDA also showed higher hydrogen yield and a lower amount of carbon deposition than Ni/Al₂O₃. This result indicates that a hydrophilic hydroxyapatite in the CDA support promoted the water–gas shift reaction to suppress carbon deposition and increase hydrogen yield.     

开发汉江航运 发展流域经济

对汉江航运作了简要回顾，指出当前航运方面存在的问题：一是水资源开发利用中，航运没有得到足够重视；二是港航基础设施投入少。提出发展汉江航运对促进中西部经济发展、北煤南运以及合理开发水资源等方面的重大意义。对目前存在的问题，提出开发汉江航运应采取的对策。