并网光伏发电价值的综合评价

针对目前并网光伏发电成本高的现状,为鼓励政府加大补贴力度,综合考虑并网光伏发电的发电成本、辅助服务成本、发电收益、社会环保效益、社会经济收益等因素,构建了并网光伏发电的综合价值模型,并使用实际数据分析了我国并网光伏发电的综合价值.算例结果表明,并网光伏发电综合价值很高,政府可加大光伏产业的补贴力度.     

光伏发电发展趋势分析

回顾了光伏发电的发展历程,通过对光伏发电度电成本与煤电度电成本的变化趋势对比,将未来光伏发展模式分为3个阶段,即政策补贴发展阶段、大规模分布式并网应用阶段和大规模分散式并网就地消纳阶段,并提出了光伏发电各阶段的发展建议。     

并网光伏发电项目的LCOE分析

围绕并网光伏发电系统的度电成本/平准化电力成本(LCOE)水平进行了分析讨论。针对LCOE的评估依据和测算方法,提出一种适用于我国光伏发电项目的 LCOE评估模型。利用该模型对影响LCOE的几个典型因素进行了敏感性分析;测算了我国光伏发电项目的 LCOE水平;预测了光伏发电项目的 LCOE发展。     

光储系统的发展态势及技术走向的研究

随着光伏发电的大规模并网和高比例渗透,作为光伏发电并网的重要技术支撑,储能技术所起的作用越来越明显,因此,对光储系统的发展态势及技术走向进行研究具有重大意义。首先梳理了2019~2020年国家及地方政府发布的光伏发电相关政策;其次讨论了光储系统的应用类型和能量汇聚方式,并给出了相应的示意图;最后针对光储技术的发展给出了建议。     

制定光伏上网电价所引发的思考

详细介绍了制定光伏上网电价政策所弓I发的思考,并分析了我国光伏发电并网由于受到并网技术和没有国家标准统一规范的限制,造成电网安全稳定运行的影响及对整体光伏行业发展的影响。     

对金太阳示范工程项目投资效益的探讨

目前,我国对于光伏发电项目的支持政策主要有投资补贴和固定电价两种,两种方式孰优孰劣,产业界争论不一.文章结合实际项目建设案例,对东部沿海地区、西部地区利用不同补贴方式建设光伏发电项目的投资效益进行了对比,为投资者提供参考.对比分析显示,固定电价方式更适用于在输送条件好、太阳能资源丰富的西部地区建设大型光伏电站;东部地区工商企业利用投资补贴政策,建设自发自用的用户侧光伏发电项目,能获得更大的收益.     

家庭太阳能光伏发电系统的研究

太阳能光伏发电系统从军用到民用、从离网系统到并网系统已走过了半个多世纪的历程,效率不断提高,技术日益完善,发电成本逐年下降。随着科技和时代的发展,家庭太阳能光伏发电已在经济发达国家蓬勃兴起。我国也在国家电网的大力支持下,开始步入这一新科技领域。文章介绍了近十年来笔者对家庭离网光伏系统、家庭并网光伏系统、家庭微电网系统的研究成果。     

与景观结合的奥运森林公园并网光伏发电系统

并网光伏发电系统与奥运森林公园景观相结合,体现了"绿色奥运、科技奥运、人文奥运"三大理念,是清洁能源技术在奥运会中的应用。并网光伏发电系统设计中采用了MPPT技术、防孤岛效应技术、逆功率反送保护技术和完善的并网光伏发电系统监控技术,提高了并网光伏发电系统运行的可靠性和电网的安全性。奥运期间奥运区域供电等级提升为特级,为满足供电可靠性,示范电站采用带功率流向检测的并网模式,当并网光伏发电系统的有功功率超过指定负载的有功功率时,切断并网光伏发电系统,防止电能馈入电网。     

1MW高倍聚光光伏发电并网系统的设计

本文选云南石林地区为电站场址,通过对高倍聚光光伏组件选择、光伏阵列运行方式选择、光伏阵列设计及布置方案、并网逆变器选型等光伏发电系统构成方面进行了研究设计.分析得出该电站的理论年发电量为170.07万kWh,具有良好的经济效益和环保效益.     

基于碳中和目标的分布式光伏发电并网消纳控制研究

采用目前方法对分布式光伏发电并网进行消纳控制时，没有对碳排放量进行分配，存在碳排放量高、系统效率低和发电量低的问题。提出基于碳中和目标的分布式光伏发电并网消纳控制方法，该方法对消纳进行控制之前对分布式光伏发电系统的碳排放量进行了分配，以此助力碳中和目标达成，在此基础上构建分布式光伏发电并网消纳控制模型，并设定相关约束条件，采用遗传算法对消纳控制模型进行求解，获得模型最优解，实现分布式光伏发电并网的消纳控制。实验结果表明，所提方法的碳排放量低、系统效率高、发电量高。     

Assessing the strength and effectiveness of renewable electricity feed-in tariffs in European Union countries

In the last two decades, feed-in tariffs (FIT) have emerged as one of the most popular policies for supporting renewable electricity (RES-E) generation. A few studies have assessed the effectiveness of RES-E policies, but most ignore policy design features and market characteristics (e.g. electricity price and production cost) that influence policy strength. We employ 1992–2008 panel data to conduct the first econometric analysis of the effectiveness of FIT policies in promoting solar photovoltaic (PV) and onshore wind power development in 26 European Union countries. We develop a new indicator for FIT strength that captures variability in tariff size, contract duration, digression rate, and electricity price and production cost to estimate the resulting return on investment. We regress this indicator on added RES-E capacity using a fixed effects specification and find that FIT policies have driven solar PV development in the EU. However, this effect is overstated without controlling for country characteristics and is concealed without accounting for policy design. We do not find robust evidence that FIT policies have driven wind power development. Overall, we show that the interaction of policy design, electricity price, and electricity production cost is a more important determinant of RES-E development than policy enactment alone.     

Potential of solar electricity generation in the European Union member states and candidate countries

During the years 2001–2005, a European solar radiation database was developed using a solar radiation model and climatic data integrated within the Photovoltaic Geographic Information System (PVGIS). The database, with a resolution of 1 km × 1 km, consists of monthly and yearly averages of global irradiation and related climatic parameters, representing the period 1981–1990. The database has been used to analyse regional and national differences of solar energy resource and to assess the photovoltaic (PV) potential in the 25 European Union member states and 5 candidate countries. The calculation of electricity generation potential by contemporary PV technology is a basic step in analysing scenarios for the future energy supply and for a rational implementation of legal and financial frameworks to support the developing industrial production of PV. Three aspects are explored within this paper: (1) the expected average annual electricity generation of a ‘standard’ 1 kW_p grid-connected PV system; (2) the theoretical potential of PV electricity generation; (3) determination of required installed capacity for each country to supply 1% of the national electricity consumption from PV. The analysis shows that PV can already provide a significant contribution to a mixed renewable energy portfolio in the present and future European Union.     

Life cycle assessment study of solar PV systems: An example of a 2.7 kWp distributed solar PV system in Singapore

In life cycle assessment (LCA) of solar PV systems, energy pay back time (EPBT) is the commonly used indicator to justify its primary energy use. However, EPBT is a function of competing energy sources with which electricity from solar PV is compared, and amount of electricity generated from the solar PV system which varies with local irradiation and ambient conditions. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use site-specific EPBT for major decision-making in power generation planning. LCA and life cycle cost analysis are performed for a distributed 2.7 kW_p grid-connected mono-crystalline solar PV system operating in Singapore. This paper presents various EPBT analyses of the solar PV system with reference to a fuel oil-fired steam turbine and their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs are also compared. The study reveals that GHG emission from electricity generation from the solar PV system is less than one-fourth that from an oil-fired steam turbine plant and one-half that from a gas-fired combined cycle plant. However, the cost of electricity is about five to seven times higher than that from the oil or gas fired power plant. The environmental uncertainties of the solar PV system are also critically reviewed and presented.     

Domestic application of solar PV systems in Ireland: The reality of their economic viability

Renewable sources of energy are anticipated to play a major role in electricity generation in Ireland in the future. Currently, electricity is mainly generated from imported gas and coal due to a lack of indigenous fossil fuel resources in Ireland. Solar energy is omnipresent, freely available and environmental friendly. The utilisation of solar energy to produce electricity has become increasingly attractive worldwide. However, solar electricity generation has not been very popular in Ireland to-date either on a large scale or on a domestic scale. The unclear economics of domestic solar PV systems, under Irish conditions, is considered the biggest obstacle for expanding domestic solar PV system installation in Ireland. This paper presents a methodology to accurately evaluate the economic viability of a domestic solar PV system on a case-by-case basis. The methodology utilises the software programmes HOMER and Microsoft Excel 2007 for the energy and economic analyses. Utilising this methodology, a realistic economic analysis of eight sample domestic solar PV systems available in Ireland is presented. Based on the predictions, the domestic solar PV system is not economically viable under current conditions in Ireland. Domestic solar PV systems still do not look promising even if better financial support is given.     

Multitude of progress and unmediated problems of solar PV in Bangladesh

The aims of this paper are to demonstrate a critical review of the multitude of progress in solar PV research and applications in Bangladesh since its inception in 1996 till 2010. Our studies show that Bangladesh has been experiencing an accelerated shift towards solar PV to meet the gap between demand and supply of electricity along with conventional electricity generation. Despite the present generation of electricity from solar PV is 15-20 MW, both public and private sectors have started several solar PV projects to generate several hundred of MW by the upcoming years. This paper has also tried to identify the critical barriers for widespread dissemination of solar PV in Bangladesh and has discussed possible ways to overcome those barriers as well.     

Grid parity analysis of solar photovoltaic systems in Germany using experience curves

The paper starts with experience curve analysis in order to find out the future prices of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules. Experience curves for 75-90% progress ratio are extrapolated with the help of estimated future growth rate for PV installation worldwide and current module price data until year 2060. A kWh PV electricity generation cost has been calculated for coming decades with the help of local market parameters and module prices data from extrapolated experience curve. Two different prices for grid electricity - wholesale electricity price and end user electricity price - are separately analyzed. Household electricity consumption profile and PV electricity generation profile for Cologne, Germany, have been analyzed to find out the possibility for PV electricity consumption at the time of its generation. This result is used to calculate the real grid parity year - which lies somewhere between grid parity years calculated for wholesale electricity price and end user electricity price.     

Evaluating the limits of solar photovoltaics (PV) in traditional electric power systems

In this work, we examine some of the limits to large-scale deployment of solar photovoltaics (PV) in traditional electric power systems. Specifically, we evaluate the ability of PV to provide a large fraction (up to 50%) of a utility system's energy by comparing hourly output of a simulated large PV system to the amount of electricity actually usable. The simulations use hourly recorded solar insolation and load data for Texas in the year 2000 and consider the constraints of traditional electricity generation plants to reduce output and accommodate intermittent PV generation. We find that under high penetration levels and existing grid-operation procedures and rules, the system will have excess PV generation during certain periods of the year. Several metrics are developed to examine this excess PV generation and resulting costs as a function of PV penetration at different levels of system flexibility. The limited flexibility of base load generators produces increasingly large amounts of unusable PV generation when PV provides perhaps 10–20% of a system's energy. Measures to increase PV penetration beyond this range will be discussed and quantified in a follow-up analysis.     

Cost and optimal feed-in tariff for small scale photovoltaic systems in China

China has recently become a dominant player in the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry, producing more than one-third of the global supply of solar cells in 2008. However, as of 2008, less than 1% of global installations were based in China. Recently, the government has stated its grand ambitions of expanding the share of electricity derived from solar power. As part of this initiative, policy makers are currently in the process of drafting a feed-in tariff policy to support the development of the solar energy market. In this paper, we aim to calculate what the level of such a tariff should be. We develop a closed form equation for the cost of PV, and use forecasts on prices of solar systems to derive an optimal feed-in tariff, including a digression rate. The focus is on the potential of residential and small scale commercial solar PV installations. We show that the cost of small scale PV in China has decreased rapidly during the period 2005–2009. Our analysis also shows that optimal feed-in tariffs vary widely between regions within China, and that grid parity could be reached in large parts of the country depending on the expected escalation in electricity prices.     

Energy return on investment (EROI) of mini-hydro and solar PV systems designed for a mini-grid

With dramatic cost declines and performance improvements, both mini-hydropower and solar photovoltaics (PV) now serve as core options to meet the growing demand for electricity in underserved regions worldwide. We compare the net energy return on energy invested (EROI) of mini-hydropower and solar electricity using five existing mini-hydropower installations in northern Thailand with grid-connected solar PV simulations. Both assessments use a life cycle perspective to estimate the EROI. We find that distributed mini-grids with penetrations of solar PV up to 50% of annual generation can exceed the EROI of some fossil-based traditional centralized grid systems. The analysis will help planners and engineers optimize mini-grids for energy payback and utilize local resources in their design. The results suggest higher EROI ratios for mini-hydropower plants than solar PV, though mini-hydropower plants typically yield lower EROI ratios than their large-scale hydropower counterparts.     

PV power conversion and short-term forecasting in a tropical,densely-built environment in Singapore

With the substantial growth of solar photovoltaic installations worldwide, forecasting irradiance becomes a critical step in providing a reliable integration of solar electricity into electric power grids. In Singapore, the number of PV installation has increased with a growth rate of 70% over the past 6 years. Within the next decade, solar power could represent up to 20% of the instant power generation. Challenges for PV grid integration in Singapore arise from the high variability in cloud movements and irradiance patterns due to the tropical climate. For a thorough analysis and modeling of the impact of an increasing share of variable PV power on the electric power system, it is indispensable (i) to have an accurate conversion model from irradiance to solar power generation, and (ii) to carry out irradiance forecasting on various time scales. In this work, we demonstrate how common assumptions and simplifications in PV power conversion methods negatively affect the output estimates of PV systems power in a tropical and densely-built environment such as in Singapore. In the second part, we propose and test a novel hybrid model for short-term irradiance forecasting for short-term intervals. The hybrid model outperforms the persistence forecast and other common statistical methods.