柴油机富氧燃烧技术研究

降低柴油机的NOx与碳烟排放是内燃机进一步发展的重要举措。应用膜法富氧燃烧能够提高柴油机燃烧性能,降低排放。本文介绍了膜法富氧技术的原理及其参数设计要求,并以柴油发动机为例,建立内燃机燃烧模型和排放模型,通过针对模型的分析研究膜法富氧技术在柴油机上应用的可行性。     

柴油机富氧燃烧排放特性的试验研究

介绍了在S195柴油机上进行富氧燃烧的试验，对柴油机排放特性进行了比较与分析，目的是通过试验研究，找到在富氧条件下同时降低碳烟和NOx排放的方法。研究结果表明，增加进气氧的质量分数，碳烟排放大幅度下降，HC和CO也趋于下降，但NOx排放显增加；推迟供油提前角，可以使NOx排放降低，但碳烟有上升趋势，HC和CO排放增加。所以，采用富氧燃烧时必须同时推迟供油提前角，才能获得较低的排放量组合。     

富氧燃烧对柴油机排放特性的影响

柴油机因其废气中的碳烟排放高而被排除在清洁发动机之外。减少碳烟排放的一种方法是增加缸内空气的氧含量，使燃烧更彻底充分进行。本文介绍了在S195柴油机上进行富氧燃烧试验。对其排放特性进行比较与分析，通过试验研究，找到在富氧条件下同时降低碳烟和NOx排放的方法。     

充量密度和氧体积分数对柴油机高负荷下热效率和排放的影响

采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法研究了上止点时的充量密度、温度和氧体积分数对柴油机高负荷条件下的燃烧路径、排放和热效率的影响.结果表明:高的充量密度导致低的全局燃氧当量比,增强了燃氧混合率和化学反应速率,有利于提高热效率.提高充量密度对NOx的形成有两个相反的作用:增加充量的总热容,抑制燃烧温度;增加空气的卷吸率,提高混合气的温度.低的氧体积分数降低了燃油/气体混合气的化学反应速率,推迟放热率.高负荷柴油发动机在燃烧过程中有大量不完全燃烧产物CO形成和存在,这被称为"CO的冷储藏",其推迟了放热率相位,降低了已燃气体的温度,致使NOx排放降低.研究还发现发动机的碳烟排放与"CO的冷储藏"量相关.     

富氧燃烧与EGR对船用柴油机NO-碳烟排放和燃烧特性的影响

针对一台满足TierⅡ排放标准的船用柴油机,采用富氧燃烧与EGR相结合实现NO-碳烟排放同时降低并保证发动机功率没有损失,并探讨了实现TierⅢ排放标准的技术路线.AVLFire软件被用于建立仿真模型.研究表明,当单独使用富氧燃烧时,观察到较短的燃烧持续期、较高的缸内温度和指示功率,碳烟排放减少而NO排放恶化,而单独使用EGR时出现相反的趋势.研究发现,当发动机运行在1 350 r/min,75%负荷工况下,进气氧浓度为21%～24%,EGR率为0～25%时,上述范围内的4种组合可以实现低NO-碳烟排放且指示功率与原机基本持平.正如预期,通过富氧燃烧与EGR优化组合,可得到同时降低NO-碳烟排放低于原机的最佳优化区域.同时也发现,当超过15%的EGR率与较低的氧浓度结合时,可将NO排放降低至TierⅢ标准.     

利用含PAH的正庚烷简化机理对柴油机富氧燃烧的数值模拟

在直喷柴油机上采用氧体积分数为21%～24%的进气增氧技术,进行燃烧及排放试验.建立适用于柴油机燃烧的含PAH的正庚烷简化机理,并将其与CFD模型耦合,进行富氧燃烧的数值模拟.试验及模拟工况为发动机的最大转矩点.结果表明,随发动机进气氧体积分数的增加,燃烧始点提前,瞬时放热及最大压力出现时刻均随之提前.NO的排放随氧体积分数的增加而快速增长.碳烟的排放随氧体积分数增加而大幅下降.模拟计算结果显示,CFD与化学动力学模型的耦合比较准确地预测富氧燃烧的缸内着火时刻及燃烧状况.分析上止点后6°CA、20°CA时刻燃烧室内苯环的质量分布切片可知,与21%进气氧体积分数的空气助燃相比,24%氧体积分数的富氧燃烧对苯环的形成有明显的抑制作用.模拟计算结果与试验测量值随进气氧体积分数的变化趋势基本一致.     

富氧燃烧对柴油机工作特性影响的试验研究

在一台增压柴油机上进行了富氧进气的试验研究,并在此基础上采用EGR技术,研究不同进气氧浓度下EGR率对柴油机排放特性的影响,以期改善柴油机NOx和碳烟的权衡关系。研究表明:富氧进气柴油机在同一进气氧浓度下,其有效燃油消耗率随着负荷的增加而明显减小;同一负荷时有效燃油消耗率随着氧浓度的升高而稍有降低。在富氧燃烧的基础上,引入EGR可以实现柴油机的烟度和NOx排放的同时降低,其关键是在一定的工况点匹配与之相适合的EGR率。当2 200 r/min全负荷工况下,进气氧浓度21%与EGR率20%组合、氧浓度22%与EGR率50%组合,烟度和NOx排放降低比例分别达到20.0%和14.8%、6.7%和19.2%。     

进气加湿耦合涡流比对船用柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

针对某一款四冲程船用柴油机,利用商业模拟软件AVL-Fire建立柴油机三维数值模型,研究进气加湿耦合涡流比对燃烧的影响以及改善NOx和碳烟折中关系的潜力,给出优化方案,得到满足TierⅢ排放法规的技术路线并保证指示燃油消耗率增长在2%以下.结果表明,加湿率增大,缸内温度和压力的峰值均降低,且最大降幅都约为2%;滞燃期延长,燃烧重心后移,对燃烧热效率不利.缸内温度和进气氧浓度的下降有效降低了NOx排放,最大降低幅度约为56.7%.一定的涡流比可以促进油气混合,而太大的涡流比会降低油束贯穿距,使喷雾前端偏转角度增大,影响油气混合.涡流比的增大对NOx和碳烟的排放形成先增后降的影响,在涡流比为0.5时碳烟排放最低.此外,对各种进气加湿率和初始涡流比获得的结果进行优化,其中有9种算例同时降低了NOx和碳烟排放,并且在初始涡流比为0.50时,加湿率100%和80%的两种方案满足TierⅢ的排放标准.     

柴油机燃烧多环芳香烃前驱体等物质的化学动力学研究

为了揭示混合气浓度对柴油机排放的影响规律,采用正庚烷氧化详细反应机理及化学动力学分析软件对不同燃空当量比下柴油机燃烧初级碳烟粒子前驱体等重要反应中间产物或自由基的形成及发展历程进行了数值模拟．模拟结果表明,降低混合气浓度可以实现低温燃烧,使燃烧温度远离“碳烟形成温度窗”,大幅度降低柴油机碳烟排放．混合气浓度对反应中间产物或自由基有重要影响,通过改变混合气浓度可以控制燃烧过程中多环芳香烃(PAH)前体物乙炔(C2H2)、炔丙基(C3H3)及其他重要物质羟基(OH)、过氧羟自由基(HO2)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、甲醛(CH2O)和一氧化碳(CO)等的生成量,从而实现控制柴油机排放．     

重型柴油机部分预混压燃模式的燃烧与排放特性

在一台6缸涡轮增压重型柴油机上,基于单次喷射方式,通过调节喷油正时,结合EGR技术,实现了柴油机的部分预混压燃,分析了其燃烧放热特性随喷油正时、EGR、喷射压力和负荷的变化,研究了影响控制混合期与滞燃期的因素及其影响规律.结果表明:部分预混压燃(PPCI)燃烧模式兼具预混燃烧和低温燃烧的特征,是碳烟和NOx同时降低的重要因素,但低温燃烧和稀薄的混合气易于导致燃烧不完全,喷油推迟较晚时引起HC和CO排放显著增加,并引起燃油消耗率增大.这种PPCI模式下,提高喷射压力对NOx和碳烟排放的影响作用不明显,单纯增大喷油压力并不能改善PPCI模式的燃油经济性.当负荷提高至50%以上时,对于早喷预混模式已呈现扩散燃烧阶段,导致NOx和碳烟排放均增大.     

一种高效率的内燃机燃烧模式

本文探讨了以双燃料发动机为代表的预混合和扩散燃烧共存的复合燃烧模式。认为这种燃烧模式兼有预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧的优点，而且有比传统的燃烧模式更高的热效率。实验证明，采用这种燃烧模式工作的发动机可以有比火花点火式发动机更高的压缩比，有比压燃式发动机更高的燃烧速率。最后对这种发动机的燃烧特性及获得较高热效率的原因进行了分析。     

A review on plasma combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines

In recent years, new ways of improving the combustion efficiency of fuel during gas turbine operations have been developed. The most significant has been the application of plasma technology for the combustion of fuel in gas turbine operations. Plasma is formed when gas is exposed to either high temperature or high‐voltage electricity. This technology is very promising and has proven to enhance the performance of gas turbines and reduce toxic emissions. Recent studies have shown the use of different types of plasma applications in gas turbine operations such as plasma torch, filamentary discharge, and nanosecond pulse discharge, whose results show that plasma technology has great potential in improving flame stabilization, the fuel/air mixing ratio, and flash point values of these fuels. These findings and advances have further provided new opportunities in the development of efficient plasma discharges for practical uses in plasma combustion of fuel for gas turbine operations. This article is a comprehensive overview of the advances and blind spots in the knowledge of plasma combustion of fuel during internal combustion engine operations. This review also focuses on applications, methods, and experimental results in plasma combustion of fuel in gas turbines.     

Investigation of forward flow distributed combustion for gas turbine application

New innovative advanced combustion design methodology for gas turbine applications is presented that is focused on the quest towards zero emissions. The new design methodology is called colorless distributed combustion (CDC) and is significantly different from the currently used methodology. In this paper forward flow modes of CDC have been investigated for application to gas turbine combustors. The CDC provides significant improvement in pattern factor, reduced NO_x emission and uniform thermal field in the entire combustion zone for it to be called as an isothermal reactor. Basic requirement for CDC is carefully tailored mixture preparation through good mixing between the combustion air and product gases prior to rapid mixing with fuel so that the reactants are at much higher temperature to result in hot and diluted oxidant stream at temperatures that are high enough to autoignite the fuel and oxidant mixture. With desirable conditions one can achieve spontaneous ignition of the fuel with distributed combustion reactions. Distributed reactions can also be achieved in premixed mode of operation with sufficient entrainment of burned gases and faster turbulent mixing between the reactants. In the present investigation forward flow modes consisting of two non-premixed combustion modes and one premixed combustion mode have been examined that provide potential for CDC. In all the configurations the air injection port is positioned at the opposite side of the combustor exit, whereas the location of fuel injection ports is changed to give different configurations. Two combustion geometries resulting in thermal intensity of 5 MW/m³-atm and 28 MW/m³-atm are investigated. Increase in thermal intensity (lower combustion volume) presents many challenges, such as, lower residence time, lower recirculation of gases and effect of confinement on jet characteristics. The results are presented on the global flame signatures, exhaust emissions, and radical emissions using experiments and flowfield using numerical simulations. Ultra-low NO_x emissions are found for both the premixed and non-premixed combustion modes at the two thermal intensities investigated here. Almost colorless flames (no visible flame signatures) have been observed for the premixed combustion mode. The reaction zone is observed to be significantly different in the two non-premixed modes. Higher thermal intensity case resulted in lower recirculation of gases within the combustion chamber and higher CO levels, possibly due to lower associated residence time. The characteristics at the two thermal intensity combustors investigated here were found to be similar.     

Droplet combustion in the presence of acoustic excitation

This experimental study focused on droplet combustion characteristics for various liquid fuels during exposure to external acoustical perturbations generated within an acoustic waveguide. The alternative liquid fuels include alcohols, aviation fuel (JP-8), and liquid synthetic fuel derived via the Fischer–Tropsch process. The study examined combustion during excitation conditions in which the droplet was situated in the vicinity of a pressure node (PN). In response to such acoustic excitation, the flame surrounding the droplet was observed to be deflected, on average, with an orientation depending on the droplet’s relative position with respect to the PN. Flame orientation was always found to be consistent with the sign of a theoretical bulk acoustic acceleration, analogous to a gravitational acceleration, acting on the burning system. Yet experimentally measured acoustic accelerations based on mean flame deflection differed quantitatively from that predicted by the theory. Phase-locked OH^∗ chemiluminescence imaging revealed temporal oscillations in flame standoff distance from the droplet as well as chemiluminescent intensity; these oscillations were especially pronounced when the droplets were situated close to the PN. Simultaneous imaging and pressure measurements enabled quantification of combustion-acoustic coupling via the Rayleigh index, and hence a more detailed understanding of dynamical phenomena associated with acoustically coupled condensed phase combustion processes.     

无焰燃烧发展及研究现状

无焰燃烧是一种同时具备高效和低排放特点的燃烧技术,然而传统实现无焰燃烧所需的高温预热空气及高速射流两大重要条件,提高了整体工业设备实现无焰燃烧的复杂性,限制了该技术在更广阔领域的发展。本文综述了无焰燃烧燃烧机理与特性的研究发展,并提出了未来可能的发展趋势。分析发现：高温预热空气并不是实现无焰燃烧的必要条件,而通过高速射流提高炉内烟气循环率却必不可少;使用EDC模型结合GRI 3.0反应机理能在数值模拟中得到贴合实验数据的结果;气体、液体及固末燃料均可实现无焰燃烧,使用CH4/H2混合气体实现无焰燃烧可在提升燃烧稳定性的同时依旧保持低排放的特点;炉膛结构可很大程度上影响炉内流场进而影响无焰燃烧效果。因此,研究无需预热的无焰燃烧系统在降低工业成本的同时可增大燃料种类的选择性,通过设计合理的炉膛结构,营造良好的炉内流场在强化无焰燃烧效果的同时可一定程度降低对初始射流速度的要求,研究CH4/H2混合气体的燃烧机理具有十分重要的意义。     

摆动式水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧器在670 t/h锅炉的应用研究

我厂2号锅炉(DG 670/13.7-8A)为四角切圆布置,一、二次风间隔布置,分上下两组,设计煤种为晋中贫煤.在实际运行中,煤质不稳定,锅炉着火和燃烧稳定性差.采用"摆动式水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧器"技术对燃烧器改造后,燃烧效率提高0.84%、在300 t/h时能稳定燃烧、炉膛无结渣,锅炉参数稳定.     

准均质充气压缩点燃系统燃烧特性研究

准均质充气压缩点燃（QHCCI）燃烧系统是在柴油机上实现稀薄预混合气燃烧的有效方法，建立了一个燃烧过程准维数学模型，结合试验结果，对QHCCI系统的燃烧特性进行了研究。内容包括引燃柴油喷射定时对系统燃烧性能的影响，引燃柴油喷射量对系统的影响，以及发动机工作粗暴的特性。模拟结果与试验结果一致，并发现QHCCI燃烧系统的放热律曲线一般呈双峰，引起爆震的原因主要是引燃柴油喷射量大或喷射早造成上止点附近的大量剧烈燃烧造成的。     

First and second thermodynamic-law analyses of hydrogen-air counter-flow diffusion combustion in various combustion modes

In this paper, from the viewpoints of both the first and the second law of thermodynamics, we conduct a comprehensive study on hydrogen-air counter-flow diffusion combustion in various modes. The effects of air inlet temperature (T_oxi) and effective equivalence ratio of fuel (φ) on the reaction zone structure and entropy generation of combustion are revealed over a wide range of T_oxi and φ. Through the present work, five interesting features of combustion of this kind, which are quite different from that reported in the literature, are presented. Especially, for the first time we divide various combustion modes in the φ − T_oxi map instead of the popular way used in previous studies. Such innovation can help judge the final combustion regime more straightforwardly for any given operative condition.     

掺氢对微尺度空间内预混层流火焰转捩爆燃特性的影响

针对基于燃烧的微小型动力装置存在燃烧效率低、火焰传播速度慢的问题,设计了一个可视化的、特征间距仅为0.45 mm的微尺度定容燃烧室,实验比较了0~1的掺氢比例下,丙烷/氢气/空气预混火焰在该燃烧室内的传播以及加速过程.实验发现没有掺氢时,丙烷/空气预混火焰需要在0.25 MPa初始压力下才能够传播;当掺氢比例为0.2时,火焰在传播过程中会发生从缓燃到爆燃的转变,这种燃烧模态的转变可以大幅缩短燃烧室内火焰传播时间,极大提升火焰传播速度.实验还发现掺氢比例以及初始压力的提升均能使得微尺度火焰传播速度提升.     

富氧燃烧烟气焓温特性分析

针对富氧燃烧锅炉增加了尾部再循环烟气和空气分离单元抽取的氧气特点,比较了常规空气燃烧锅炉焓温表计算方法与富氧燃烧方式下焓温表计算内容的区别,分析了富氧燃烧锅炉循环烟气焓、分离氧气焓和炉膛进口热燃烧气焓随氧气的体积分数变化的特性,给出了富氧燃烧锅炉烟气焓温表的计算方法,为富氧锅炉热力计算提供了理论依据.