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1.
阐述了神华煤的煤质特性和NOx的生成机理,详细分析了600 MW超临界机组的总体结构和燃烧系统特点.并以某台运行的600 MW超临界锅炉为对象进行试验研究,分析了锅炉在改变省煤器出口氧量、炉膛和大风箱压差、SOFA风门挡板开度、CCOFA挡板开度、偏转风挡板开度等不同工况下的NOx排放特性.通过试验得出:采用LNCFS型燃烧系统后,其NOx的排放量均小于国家环保标准的450 mg/Nm3的要求;在合理的燃烧组织下,NOx的排放能够控制在250 mg/Nm3以内.最后指出,600 MW超临界锅炉的燃烧系统在充分考虑神华煤特性的情况下,既能够使机组达到很好的经济性和安全性,又能达到清洁环保的低NOx排放的目的.  相似文献   

2.
阐述神木煤的煤质特性和NOx的生成机理,介绍了LNCFS燃烧系统的设计特点.并以1 000MW超超临界锅炉为对象进行试验研究,分析了改变炉膛出口氧量、SOFA风门挡板开度、CCOFA风门挡板开度等不同工况下的NOx排放特性.  相似文献   

3.
对某电厂1 000MW超超临界塔式锅炉进行了燃烧优化调整试验,分析了省煤器出口O2体积分数、机组负荷、二次风配风方式、紧凑燃尽风(CCOFA)风量、分离燃尽风(SOFA)风量及磨煤机组合方式等因素对锅炉燃烧及NOx排放特性的影响.结果表明:省煤器出口O2体积分数和机组负荷对锅炉热效率和NOx排放质量浓度有较大的影响;随着省煤器出口O2体积分数的增加,NOx排放质量浓度显著上升;随着机组负荷的降低,NOx排放质量浓度先降低后升高,锅炉热效率则先升高后降低;通过设置合理的二次风配风方式、CCOFA和SOFA风量比例以及磨煤机组合方式,既可以提高锅炉热效率又可以降低NOx排放质量浓度.  相似文献   

4.
对某600 MW超临界压力W火焰锅炉炉膛水冷壁壁温进行了测量,获得了炉膛水冷壁热负荷分布,调整锅炉运行方式(如磨煤机投运方式、前后墙的总风门挡板开度、煤粉细度和三次风风门挡板开度等),测量并计算炉内热负荷.结果表明:煤粉细度对炉内热负荷几乎没有影响;前后墙总风门挡板开度会影响炉内火焰行程,应该采用"前墙压后墙"的运行方式;三次风风门挡板开度变化会改变上、下炉膛热负荷的分布;不投运的磨煤机所对应区域的热负荷明显下降.  相似文献   

5.
不同燃烧条件下煤粉锅炉NOx排放特性的试验研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以1台670 t/h煤粉锅炉为对象进行了热态试验,研究了煤粉锅炉在不同燃烧条件下NOx 的排放特性.采用在线烟气分析仪对烟气成分进行分析,并通过化学分析获得了飞灰中的可燃物含量.改变二次风配风方式、炉膛出口氧量、周界风风门开度以及磨煤机组合方式等影响因素,对锅炉热效率、飞灰可燃物以及NOx排放浓度进行测量和分析,获得了可减少NOx排放并保持较高燃烧效率的合理燃烧方式:采用均等配风,炉膛出口氧量为2.25%左右,周界风风门开度为15%,采用ABC层的磨煤机组合方式.  相似文献   

6.
600 MW机组是目前我国电厂的主力机组。对某电厂600 MW锅炉进行了燃烧优化调整试验,研究了煤粉细度、氧量、一次风压、二次风旋流强度、磨煤机组合方式等对锅炉效率的影响,得到了合理的运行控制方案:锅炉的经济煤粉细度R90控制在12.5%~14%,省煤器出口氧量控制在3.2%,一次风压在2.6~3.0 kPa,二次风旋流器的位置推进到30 mm,建议投运BCDEF磨煤机运行组合模式。  相似文献   

7.
针对某电厂660MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉左右两侧烟温偏差过大以及烟温偏差引起的过热器两侧吸热量偏差较大的问题,在实炉上进行了现场试验,研究单层分离燃尽风(SOFA)两侧角风门开度偏置和多层SOFA两侧角风门开度偏置对过热器两侧吸热量偏差和炉膛出口两侧烟温偏差的影响。结果表明:单独调整E层、D层和C层单层的SOFA两侧角风门开度偏置时,过热器两侧吸热量偏差变化很小,各层炉膛出口两侧烟温偏差的变化规律不一致;同时调整上三层SOFA两侧角风门开度偏置时,过热器两侧吸热量朝着A侧增大、B侧减小的方向变化,炉膛出口两侧烟温偏差随着SOFA两侧角风门开度偏置的增大而增大。  相似文献   

8.
为了既提高锅炉热效率,又确保NOx排放浓度低于650 mg/m3,采用正交试验的方法进行了锅炉的燃烧优化调整.结果表明:上层磨煤机分离器折向门开度、省煤器出口氧量、炉膛与大风箱差压以及OFA风门开度是影响锅炉热效率和NOx排放的4个关键因素.为此确定了一套最优组合方案:上层磨煤机分离器折向门开度为"6",省煤器出口氧量为3.7%,炉膛与大风箱差压为800 Pa,OFA风门开度为25%.按照这一最优组合方案进行了验证试验,结果锅炉热效率达到87.12%,NOx排放浓度为640 mg/m3.  相似文献   

9.
利用Ansys Fluent 14.0软件对某电厂660 MW四角切圆锅炉低氮改造后变磨煤机组合方式下的燃烧特性进行了数值模拟,研究了炉内的速度场、温度场、组分场和污染物的分布,并将数值模拟结果与试验测量值进行了比较.结果表明:增加分离燃尽风(SOFA)后的温度分布较均匀,切圆形成较好,没有出现火焰贴墙现象;在燃烧器区域,不同磨煤机组合方式下,温度沿炉膛高度方向逐渐升高;在紧凑燃尽风(CCOFA)与SOFA喷嘴之间的区域,炉膛横截面平均温度沿炉膛高度方向先降低、再升高、最后降低;在SOFA喷嘴以上的区域,不同磨煤机组合方式下的炉膛横截面平均温度曲线基本重合,且沿炉膛高度方向逐渐降低;在CCOFA与SOFA喷嘴之间的区域,不同磨煤机组合方式下,NOx质量浓度沿炉膛高度方向逐渐降低,而在SOFA喷嘴以上的区域NOx质量浓度先升高后降低,但其变化幅度较缓慢;当磨煤机组合方式为ABCEF时,炉膛出口NOx平均质量浓度最高,为382.2mg/m3;当磨煤机组合方式为ABCDE时,炉膛出口NOx平均质量浓度最低,为307.4mg/m3.  相似文献   

10.
针对某电厂将亚临界直流锅炉改为亚临界控制循环锅炉,对燃烧器进行了相关改造,研究分析了燃烧器改造前、后机组运行的变化,并根据改造前、后的机组运行结果进行了改变省煤器出口氧量、改变二次风配风方式和改变SOFA风风门开度等试验.结果表明:机组在300 MW负荷下,宜采用较高的运行氧量,二次风宜采用均布配风方式,SOFA风风门宜全开以及在燃烧器布置时,底层起转二次风的偏转角与位置需与一次风的假象切圆大小相配合等.同时,对机组运行存在的塌焦现象进行了初步分析,并提出了相关解决方案.  相似文献   

11.
Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.  相似文献   

12.
正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.  相似文献   

13.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NOx emissions. High NOx emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NOx and CO2 emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Performance assessment of some ice TES systems   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.  相似文献   

16.
The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m2 parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO2 emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.  相似文献   

18.
Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H2 kg−1 VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min−1 successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H2 kg−1 VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.  相似文献   

19.
The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σred = σ1 β + (1 − β)σi, where: σ1-maximal principal stress, σi-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.  相似文献   

20.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H2 yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H2 production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m?2 s?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H2 yield was 255 μmol mg?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H2 yield included decreased O2 content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H2ase activity and starch content of the combined system.  相似文献   

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