激波管内高压氢气泄漏自燃现象的模拟研究

利用开源程序包Open FOAM对激波管内的高压氢气泄漏自燃现象进行数值模拟,通过与实验数据的比较证明模拟结果的正确性,并对比分析H2在不同工况、结构条件下的泄漏自燃特性。研究结果表明:H2的初始压力和初始温度,下游管道的直径和长度等条件均会影响管内激波的产生与传播,从而对高压氢气泄漏自燃现象产生重要的影响。     

管道输运高压氢气与天然气的泄漏扩散数值模拟

基于有限体积法,建立了管道运输高压氢气及天然气的泄漏扩散模型,考虑到氢气与天然气的管道泄漏事故危险性不同,进行了数值模拟与对比,得出了管道泄漏后氢气与天然气的不同泄漏扩散特性.结果表明:高压氢气的泄漏扩散形成的危险云团较大而且集中;氢气初始的泄漏速度比天然气大得多,与周围环境达到压力平衡所需时间较天然气短;随着扩散时间的增加,氢气危险气体云团扩散最大高度较天然气增加得快;在近地面区氢气泄漏扩散产生的危险后果较天然气小.     

燃料电池船舶舱内氢气泄漏爆炸的数值模拟研究

以燃料电池客船“Water-Go-Round”号为对象,利用FLUENT软件模拟燃料电池客船舱内管道发生氢气泄漏并引发爆炸的情况,研究不同舱室氢气点火爆炸事故的影响规律。结果表明：可燃氢气云被点燃后,爆炸超压波自点火位置向四周迅速传播,点火位置对超压波的分布影响较大;控制舱爆炸时,超压强度最大,对船体超压危害最大;乘客舱爆炸强度最小,但超压中心分布在乘客舱,超压对乘客造成的危害最大;船舶舱室燃烧火焰温度主要由可燃氢气云的分布决定,燃料电池舱的火焰衰减趋势基本相同;乘客舱受到的高温危害较低,船艏舱无燃烧火焰的高温危害。     

氢气管输技术研究进展

利用现有“全国一张网”的天然气管道设施,将氢气掺入天然气管道输送,可有效解决中国氢气规模化输送难题。该文综述目前关于氢气管道输送的研究成果,总结氢气管道建设现状;分析输氢工艺安全性,阐述管线泄漏的危害性及防护措施,分别讨论高压输送管道、中低压配送管道和管道焊缝的相容性;归纳目前的燃气互换性方法及设备适应性。指出了目前氢气管输面临的问题：掺氢比例等参数对氢气渗透、聚集、泄漏、喷射火灾等安全问题的影响尚不明确;氢气与典型管材的相容性研究不足;缺少纯氢和掺氢管道输送技术相关标准规范体系。     

喷雾爆震起爆过程实验观察

实验测量了爆震室内不同轴向位置的压力和离子信号的演变过程,并利用高速阴影系统直接观察了透明方形管道内汽油/空气两相混合物动态填充过程中,弱火花点火后火焰加速传播、火焰与障碍物的相互作用、激波的出现、热点形成、爆燃向爆震转变、爆震波在障碍物管道中和光滑管道中的传播过程,分析影响爆震波传播速度的关键因素,用烟膜板记录了起爆区的胞格结构.     

环境气体对氢气喷射与卷吸特性的影响

基于RANS方法对氢气在氩气和氮气氛围下的高压喷射过程进行仿真,研究了压力、温度和激波对氢气射流喷射和卷吸特性的影响.研究表明:射流贯穿距由于马赫盘的存在而呈现三阶段变化.在不同喷射压力下,射流前期卷吸能力随着喷嘴压力比(NPR)的增加而增大,而后期呈现相反趋势.在相同密度下,激波影响射流前期卷吸效果,但随着射流发展效果逐渐减弱.温度升高,氢气射流的贯穿距明显增大,但射流卷吸能力也显著降低.此外,氢气射流在氮气氛围下的卷吸环境气体物质的量和卷吸能力均强于氩气氛围.     

输油圆管弯头段泄漏流场数值模拟

目前各国在役管道存在的老化及腐蚀等问题对人民生命财产安全构成了潜在的危害。如何及时准确地检测管道泄漏现象的发生,对管道安全运行及人民群众的生命财产安全具有重要意义.采用有限容积法,建立三维管道泄漏方程,分析了不同输送速度及泄漏孔径对泄漏后管内流场影响。研究发现：输送速度和泄漏孔径对管内压强、局部高压区、泄漏量、泄漏质量百分比的影响相反。管内压强和流量变化特性为高科技管道检测泄漏技术提供了可能性。     

高压给水加热器泄漏的动态仿真与故障特征提取

通过对高压加热器的动态数值仿真计算,分析了高压加热器泄漏时对其运行参数,如给水出口温度、抽汽管道压损、疏水温度以及疏水水位的影响,并由此提取了表征高压加热器泄漏时的故障特征量,为完善建立高压加热器故障知识库并对其进行泄漏故障的早期诊断奠定了基础。     

火花点火激发自燃着火稳定燃烧边界条件的试验

火花点火激发自燃着火(SIAI)燃烧具有火花点火和自燃着火两段着火特性,能够有效控制燃烧过程的压升率,可以显著拓展HCCI燃烧方式的可适用负荷范围.但SIAI燃烧的稳定燃烧比较困难,需要对混合气状态进行精确控制.在一台双缸汽油机上通过控制进气温度和喷油量实现了对混合气状态和能量密度的灵活控制,研究了SIAI稳定燃烧的边界条件.结果表明,SIAI燃烧的稳定实现需要满足:理论空燃比附近的空燃比以保证点火稳定;压缩上止点处的混合气温度在950～1,050,K内以保证自燃的实现;压缩上止点处混合气能量密度在12.5～22.5,MJ/m3内以实现自燃并抑制爆震.     

高增压汽油机爆震的可视化研究

基于一台单缸可视化汽油机研究了缸内的爆震现象。通过调节发动机运行参数及运用高速摄影技术,在更大的观测视角内拍摄了缸内不同强度爆震的火焰发展过程。试验所记录的图像信息结合缸内压力数据,为爆震形成的原因及强烈爆震中大幅度压力振荡波的产生提供了分析依据。研究发现:末端气体自燃引起的轻微爆震与强烈爆震的压力振荡和火焰图像明显不同;爆震自燃点的发展模式影响了缸内压力波的震动幅度,诱发强烈爆震的自燃点接近缸壁区域,但并非壁面点火。自燃点可形成自燃反应锋面的扩散,其传播路径受到主火焰与缸壁的限制。     

Spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen during its sudden release into hydrogen/air mixtures

This paper investigates the effects of hydrogen additions on spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen released into hydrogen-air mixture. Hydrogen and air are premixed with different volume concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% H₂) in the tube before high-pressure hydrogen is suddenly released. Pressure transducers are employed to detect the shock waves, estimate the mean shock wave speed and record the shock wave overpressure. Light sensors are used to determine the occurrence of high-pressure hydrogen spontaneous ignition in the tube. A high-speed camera is used to capture the flame propagation behavior outside the tube. It is found that only 5% hydrogen addition could decrease the minimum storage pressure required for spontaneous ignition from 4.37 MPa to 2.78 MPa significantly. When 10% or 15% hydrogen is added to the air, the minimum storage pressure decreases to 2.81 MPa and 1.85 MPa, respectively. When hydrogen addition increases to 20%, the spontaneous ignition even takes place at burst pressure as low as 1.79 MPa inside the straight tube.     

Numerical simulation of the effect of multiple obstacles inside the tube on the spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen release

Self-ignition may occur during hydrogen storage and transportation if high-pressure hydrogen is suddenly released into the downstream pipelines, and the presence of obstacles inside the pipeline may affect the ignition mechanism of high-pressure hydrogen. In this work, the effects of multiple obstacles inside the tube on the shock wave propagation and self-ignition during high-pressure hydrogen release are investigated by numerical simulation. The RNG k-ε turbulence model, EDC combustion model, and 19-step detailed hydrogen combustion mechanism are employed. After verifying the reliability of the model with experimental data, the self-ignition process of high-pressure hydrogen release into tubes with obstacles with different locations, spacings, shapes, and blockage ratios is numerically investigated. The results show that obstacles with different locations, spacings, shapes and blockage ratios will generate reflected shock waves with different sizes and propagation trends. The closer the location of obstacles to the burst disk, the smaller the spacing, and the larger the blockage ratio will cause the greater the pressure of the reflected shock wave it produces. Compared with the tubes with rectangular-shaped, semi-circular-shaped and triangular-shaped obstacles, self-ignition is preferred to occur in tube with triangular-shaped obstacles.     

Numerical simulation on the spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen release through a tube at different burst pressures

Spontaneous ignition induced by high-pressure hydrogen release is one of the huge potential risks in the promotion of hydrogen energy. However, the understanding of the microscopic dynamic characteristics of spontaneous ignition, such as ignition initiation and flame development, remains unresolved. In this paper, the spontaneous ignition caused by high-pressure hydrogen release through a tube is investigated by two-dimensional numerical simulation at burst pressure ranging from 2.67 to 15 MPa. Especially, the thermal and species characteristics in hydrogen shock-induced ignition under different strengths of shock wave are discussed carefully. The results show that the stronger shock wave caused by higher burst pressure leads to larger heating area and higher heating temperature inside the tube, increasing the possibility of spontaneous ignition. The shortening effect of initial ignition time and initial ignition distance will decrease with the increase of the burst pressure. Ignition will be initiated when the temperature is raised to about 1350–1400 K under the heating effect of shock waves. It is also found that the ignition occurs under the lean-fuel condition firstly on the upper and lower walls of the tube. The flame branch after spontaneous ignition is observed in the mixing layer. Two ignition kernels show different characteristics during the process of combustion and flow. The evolution of HRR and mass fraction of key species (OH, H, HO₂) are also compared to identify the flame front. The mass fraction of H has the better trend with HRR. It is suggested that H radical is a more reasonable choice as the indicator of the flame front.     

Visualization of spontaneous ignition under controlled burst pressure

A high-pressure hydrogen jet released into the air has the possibility of igniting in a tube without any ignition source. The mechanism of this phenomenon, called spontaneous ignition, is considered to be that hydrogen diffuses into the hot air caused by the shock wave from diaphragm rupture and the hydrogen-oxidizer mixed region is formed enough to start chemical reaction. Recently, flow visualization studies on the spontaneous ignition process have been conducted to understand its detailed mechanism, but such ignition has not yet been well clarified. In this study, the spontaneous ignition phenomenon was observed in a rectangular tube. The results confirm the presence of a flame at the wall of the tube when the shock wave pressure reaches 1.2–1.5 MPa in more than 9 MPa burst pressure and that ignition occurs near the wall, followed by multiple ignitions as the shock wave propagates, with the ignitions eventually combining to form a flame.     

A pressure-ratio equivalent method for ultra-high pressure hydrogen spontaneous ignition experiment

Increasing hydrogen storage pressure brings high economic benefits and high risks. Pressurized hydrogen leakage spontaneous ignition experiment is an important means to reveal the mechanism of hydrogen leakage spontaneous ignition and improve the safety of hydrogen storage equipment. However, due to the extremely high cost and danger of ultra-high pressure, there is a serious lack of experimental data. In this paper, a pressure-ratio equivalent (PRE) method of experiments is proposed based on the theory of the shock tube problem. By keeping the hydrogen-air pressure ratio constant while reducing the absolute pressure of air and hydrogen, the difficulty of the experiment is greatly reduced. The effectiveness of the PRE method is evaluated theoretically and experimentally. The results show the PRE method retains the ignition characteristics of hydrogen leakage spontaneous ignition largely when the air pressure is within 0.05–0.1 MPa. It is found the pressure ratio of hydrogen to air dominates the leakage spontaneous ignition process. In the experiments of different air pressures, the shock Mach numbers are close to theoretical values. In addition, leakage spontaneous ignition of hydrogen mixed with 30% (vol.) CO is found in experiments using the PRE method, with pressure ratios of up to 250. This indicates that when the storage pressure is high enough, there is also a risk of spontaneous ignition of syngas from high-pressure leakage. The PRE method can widely broaden the pressure scope of experimental research on leakage spontaneous ignition, and it provides a new idea for obtaining the experimental data of gas high-pressure leakage spontaneous ignition.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of hydrogen gas auto-ignition

This paper describes hydrogen self-ignition as a result of the formation of a shock wave in front of a high-pressure hydrogen gas propagating in the tube and in the semi-confined space, for which the numerical and experimental investigation was done. An increase in the temperature behind the shock wave leads to the ignition on the contact surface of the mixture of combustible gas with air. The required condition of combustible self-ignition is to maintain the high temperature in the mixture for a time long enough for inflammation to take place. Experimental technique was based on a high-pressure chamber inflating with hydrogen, burst disk failure and pressurized hydrogen discharge into tube of round or rectangular cross section filled with air. Two numerical models involving the gas-dynamic transport of a viscous gas, the detailed kinetics of hydrogen oxidation, turbulence model, and heat exchange were used for calculations of the hydrogen self-ignition both in semi-confined space and a tube.     

Mechanism of spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen during its release through a tube with local contraction: A numerical study

The tendency of spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen during its sudden release into a tube is one of the main threats to the safe application of hydrogen energy. A series of investigations have shown that the tube structure is a key factor affecting the spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen. In this paper, a numerical study is conducted to reveal the mechanism of spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen inside the tube with local contraction. Large Eddy Simulation, Renormalization Group, Eddy Dissipation Concept, 37-step detailed hydrogen combustion mechanism and 10-step like opening process of burst disk are employed. Three cases with burst pressures of 3.10, 4.90, and 8.45 MPa are simulated to compare against the pervious experimental study. The spontaneous conditions and positions agree well with the experimental results. The numerical results indicate that shock wave reflection takes place at the upstream vertical wall of contraction part. The interacted-shock-affected region is generated at the tube center because of the subsequent shock wave interaction. The forward reflected shock wave couples with normal shock wave and increases the pressure of leading shock wave. The sudden contraction of tube blocks the propagation of hydrogen jet and decreases the speed from supersonic flow to subsonic flow. More flammable mixture is generated inside the contraction part, as a results, the length of the flame is increased. Two mechanisms are proposed finally.     

Experimental investigation on effects of CO2 additions on spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen during its sudden release into a tube

Hydrogen is expected to be an alternative energy carrier in the future. High-pressure hydrogen storage option is considered as the best choice. However, spontaneous ignition tends to occur if hydrogen is suddenly released from a high-pressure tank into a tube. In order to improve the safety of hydrogen application, an experimental investigation on effects of CO₂ additions (5%, 10% and 15% volume concentration) on the spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen during its sudden expansion inside the tube has been conducted. Pressure transducers are used to record the pressure variation and light sensors are employed to detect the possible spontaneous ignition. It is found that the shock wave overpressure and the mean shock wave speed are almost the same inside the tube for different CO₂ additions under the close burst pressures. For cases with more CO₂ additions, the ignition detected time is longer and the average speed of the flame, the maximum value of light signals and the detected duration time of spontaneous ignition are smaller. It is shown that minimum burst pressure required for spontaneous ignition increase 1.47 times for 15% CO₂ additions. The minimum burst pressure required for spontaneous ignition increases from 4.37 MPa (0% CO₂) up to 6.41 MPa (15% CO₂). With the increasing of CO₂ additions, it requires longer distance and longer time for hydrogen and oxygen to mix and thus longer ignition delay distance/time. The results showed that additions of CO₂ to air have a good suppressing effect on hydrogen spontaneous ignition.     

Experimental study of spontaneous ignition induced by sudden hydrogen release through tubes with different shaped cross-sections

The shock wave dynamics, spontaneous ignition and flame variation during high-pressure hydrogen release through tubes with different cross-section shapes are experimentally studied. Tubes with square, pentagon and circular cross-section shapes are considered in the experiments. The experimental results show that the cross-section shape of the tube has no great difference on the minimum burst pressure for spontaneous ignition in our tests. In the three tubes with length of 300 mm, spontaneous ignition may occur when overpressure of shock wave is 0.9 MPa. When the spontaneous ignition is induced in a non-circular cross-section tube, the possible turbulent flow in the corner of the tube increases can promote the mixing of hydrogen and air, thus producing more amount of the hydrogen/air mixture. As a result, both the peak light signal and flame duration detected in the non-circular cross-section tubes are more intense than those in the circular tube. The smaller angle of the corner leads to a more intensity flame inside tube. When the hydrogen flame propagates to the tube exit from the circular tube, the ball-like flame developed near tube exit is relatively weak. In addition, second flame separation outside the tube is observed for the cases of non-circular cross-section tubes.     

Experimental study of shock wave propagation and its influence on the spontaneous ignition during high-pressure hydrogen release through a tube

An experimental study of shock wave propagation and its influence on the spontaneous ignition during high-pressure hydrogen release through a tube are measured by pressure transducers and light sensors. Results show that the pressure behind a shock wave first increases, and subsequently remains near constant value with an increase of the propagation distance. That is, a certain propagation distance is required to form a stable shock wave in the tube. In the front of the tube, the minimum value of pressure behind the shock wave (P_shock) required for spontaneous ignition decreases with the increase in axial distance to the diaphragm. However, the minimum P_shock remains nearly a constant value in the rear part of the tube. Moreover, the critical values of shock Mach number (M_S) for spontaneous ignition decrease with the increase in tube length. And the ignition delay time decreases with the increase of the M_S. As the ignition kernel grows in size to a flame, it propagates downstream along the tube with velocity greater than the theoretical flow velocity of the hydrogen-air contact surface. The flame propagation velocity relative to tube wall increases with M_S. When the self-sustained flame exits from the tube, a rapid non-premixed turbulent combustion is observed in the chamber. The combustion-wave overpressure increases with the increase of the M_S.