基于自燃点法的柴油十六烷值改进剂性能试验研究

采用自燃点法对硝酸戊酯和硝酸异辛酯的性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：两种添加剂添加量为0．6％时能降低柴油的自燃点32℃～54℃，提高柴油十六烷值10-16个单位，硝酸戊酯的性能优于硝酸异辛酯，两者复合使用时，硝酸戊酯和硝酸异辛酯之间存在对抗效应。将硝酸戊酯和硝酸异辛酯以1：2质量比配成复合添加剂，能明显降低柴油机碳烟排放。     

有机硝酸酯类柴油十六烷值改进剂的研究

研制了一种成分为脂环旋硝酸酯的柴油十六烷值改进剂，并测定出这种改进的一系列理化性质。分析了有机硝酸酯缩短着火滞燃期的化学理。实机研究了这种改进剂对柴油十六烷值和燃烧特性的改善效果，以及柴油机燃油消耗量和烟度的影响，研究结果表明，脂环旋硝酸酯作为柴油十六烷值改进剂具有很高的使用价值。     

柴油十六烷值改进剂的使用、研究与发展

本文概括地介绍了国内外柴油十六烷值改进剂的组成和使用性质。其中主要讨论了有机硝酸酯类十六烷值改进剂的作用效果，并简要探讨了其作用机理。在此基础上，为尽快使我国柴油十六烷值改进剂的研究规范化、实用化和理论化提出了若干具体建议     

EHN添加对柴油-正丁醇混合燃料燃烧和排放特性的影响

在柴油-正丁醇混合燃料(正丁醇体积含量为40%)中添加了2%的硝酸异辛脂(EHN),并与柴油、柴油-正丁醇燃料做了燃烧和排放特性的对比。研究结果表明:EHN的添加可缩短滞燃期,降低缸内最高燃烧压力,燃烧噪声与纯柴油达到同一水平。在高废气再循环(EGR)率下,NOx排放增加,NO2所占比例升高。和纯柴油相比,碳烟排放峰值降低了80%,即EHN添加解决了低十六烷值含氧燃料在压燃发动机上的燃烧噪声和碳烟排放这一新的矛盾。EHN添加对CO和THC排放影响的规律相似,高EGR率时CO和THC排放都增加,且CH4比例急剧升高。     

常规抗氧化剂在生物柴油中的抗氧化和油溶性能研究

根据《中国药典》(2015版)中规定的方法和Rancimat法研究常规抗氧化剂在地沟油生物柴油中的抗氧化性能和油溶性能及其关联性能。结果表明:10种常规抗氧化剂均能在一定程度上提高地沟油生物柴油的抗氧化性能,只是抗氧化效果差别较大。在常温20℃时,常规抗氧化剂的油溶性能相对较差,差别也较大,10种常规抗氧化剂在地沟油生物柴油中的油溶性能由大到小的顺序为:丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)特丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)植酸(PA)二特丁基对苯二酚(D-TBHQ)没食子酸丙酯(PG)没食子酸辛酯(OG)抗坏血酸(V_C)没食子酸甲酯(MT)L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(AP)没食子酸(GA)。10种常规抗氧化剂的油溶性能均随温度的升高而得到改善,但溶解特性变化不大,在一定程度上10种常规抗氧化剂的抗氧化性能的良莠与油溶性能两者之间关联性不强。     

硝酸浸渍碳纤维对发动机NO还原性能的研究

在初步筛选的基础上选定了聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维（ACF）作为对象，研究了其本体和经硝酸浸渍后ACF脱除NO的性能，表明ACF经硝酸浸渍后脱除NO的性能有所提高，在含微量氧的条件下，认为NO在碳纤维上的解离吸附是此反应的控制步骤，且NO与碳纤维反应的初级产物为CO2，据此按一级反应对试验为数据做了动力学处理，得到了NO与碳纤维反应的反应速率与湿度的关联式，表明经硝酸浸渍处理后的ACF脱除NO的性能优于未处理的，并在发动机台架上对其进行了验证试验。     

豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油研究

利用乙二醇乙醚和精制大豆油合成出一种新型生物柴油——乙二醇乙醚豆油单酯,并对产物进行了红外光谱分析和氢核磁共振波谱分析;考察了该生物柴油作为替代燃料在性能方面与柴油的差别,并利用单缸机研究了这种新型生物柴油对发动机动力性、经济性和排放性能的影响。试验结果表明:豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油的燃料特性达到了国外生物柴油生产标准,燃烧这种生物柴油后,柴油机动力性几乎不发生变化,耗油率有所增加;排气中烟度、CO和HC的排放量大幅度降低,而NOx排放略有增加。     

一种新型生物柴油的探讨

利用乙二醇乙醚和精制大豆油合成出一种新型生物柴油——乙二醇乙醚豆油单酯，并利用单缸机研究了这种新型生物柴油对发动机动力性、经济性和排放性能的影响，结果表明：燃烧这种新型生物柴油后，柴油机动力性几乎不变，耗油率有所增加；排气烟度、CO和HC排放水平大幅度降低，而NOx排放略有增加。     

新型麻疯树油醚基酯生物柴油的发动机燃烧特性研究

针对一种新型生物柴油——麻疯树油二乙二醇甲醚酯的发动机燃烧特性进行研究,分别对该生物柴油及其与柴油的混合燃料进行了理化性质分析和发动机台架试验。结果表明:麻疯树油二乙二醇甲醚酯的各项理化性质良好;与燃用0#柴油相比,在相同转速和负荷条件下,麻疯树油二乙二醇甲醚酯的发动机压力示功图的整体趋势没有发生较大的变化,而压力升高率和放热率均具有曲线前移和峰值降低等明显特点。燃烧有效热效率随混合燃料中生物柴油的含量增高而增大,表明该生物柴油具有较高的含氧量,且十六烷值高于柴油,因此着火性能优异,具备代替柴油单独应用的条件。     

柴油机燃用生物柴油的排放特性研究

生物柴油来自于动植物油脂的单酯衍生物，是一种可再生的替代能源。脂肪酸单酯作为发动机燃料的可行性来自于其分子结构和较高的能量密度。柴油机燃用生物柴油与0^#柴油具有几乎一致的热效率。在同一稳定工况下，随着生物柴油加入比例的增加，生物柴油与0^#柴油混合燃料燃烧产生的排放物中CO和HC比排放呈现线性下降，NOx比排放有所增加，而CO2比排放维持在同一水平。     

Effects of cetane number improvers on diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction

Diesel from direct coal liquefaction possess low sulfur content and good cold flow properties. Nevertheless, its cetane number is only 44, which is much lower than 51 set by EN 590. In this study, the cetane numbers of this diesel and its blends with isooctyl nitrate, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, acetone, 2-ethoxyethanol, and dibutyl oxalate were measured. Results showed that 0.5% isooctyl nitrate and acetone could increase cetane number from 44 to 53.2 and 52.8, respectively; isooctyl nitrate mixed with 66.7% acetone exhibit positive synergistic effects. The mechanism of these improvers based on the thermal decomposition principle was also explored.     

沼肥对减少蔬菜硝酸盐积累的量化研究

试验研究了不同沼肥施用量与蔬菜硝酸盐含量的关系，探索了使用沼肥控制蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的可行性，分析了不同追肥方式、栽培方式等因素对蔬菜硝酸盐含量的影响，为沼肥在优质无公害蔬菜生产中的应用提供了理论依据。     

水-溴化锂-硝酸锂与水-溴化锂吸收式制冷循环的比较

比较了水-溴化锂-硝酸锂三元工质与传统的水-溴化锂工质的单、双效吸收式制冷循环，分析了发生温度、冷凝温度和蒸发温度对系统性能的影响；同时也分析了直燃型双效制冷系统。结果表明：采用新工质后，系统的热力系数COP有了明显的提高，其它表征系统热力性能的经济指标也均有不同程度的改善，尤其在直燃型双效冷热水机组中有明显的优势，热力系数COP提高约30％，溶液循环倍率f降低12％。因此，该新工质与传统的水-溴化锂工质相比，具有较好的热力性能。     

Nitrate leaching during establishment of willow (Salix viminalis) on two soil types and at two fertilization levels

The production of willow in short rotation is expected to result in low nitrate leaching losses as is the case with other permanent crops. However, there is a risk of leaching of nitrate during establishment when the plant cover is limited. Nitrate leaching was followed for three years from the establishment in 1993 of willow (Salix viminalis) at two sites, a coarse sand at Jyndevad and a loamy sand at Foulum. Two levels of nitrogen, 0 or 75 kg N/ha in NPK, were applied annually, though only 38 N/ha was applied in the first year.

Leaching was calculated from usually weekly measurements of the nitrate concentration in soil solution and relating with the amount of percolation based on measured precipitation and changes in the soil water content over the sampling periods. Mean leaching for the three periods 1993–94, 1994–95 and 1995–96 amounted to respectively 142, 61 and 0 kg N/ha at Foulum and to 130, 9 and 4 kg N/ha at Jyndevad. The high leaching in the first year was caused by an unusually high content of mineral N in the soil at the start of the experiment. The absence of any leaching 1995–96 at Foulum was due to very low precipitation and a consequent lack of percolation. For the first period (1993–94) the fertilized treatment increased leaching by 32 kg N/ha compared to no fertilizer as a mean of the two sites, while the difference for the following two periods was reduced to 1–2 kg N/ha. It is concluded that application of nitrogen should be avoided in the year of planting of willows, while in the following years75 kg N/ha can be given without risk of increased leaching.     

Cu-Co-Al类水滑石的制备及其电催化还原硝酸盐研究

通过共沉淀法制备不同摩尔比的Cu-Co-Al类水滑石化合物,采用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜对类水滑石物质进行表征。结果表明,Cu、Co、Al摩尔比即n(Cu~(2+)):n(Co~(2+)):n(Al~(3+))=2:1:1、1:2:1、1:1:2和1:1:1时均能形成结构良好的水滑石类化合物。将所制备的材料制成涂膜电极,利用线性伏安扫描法研究其电催化还原硝酸盐的效果,结果表明n(Cu~(2+)):n(Co~(2+)):n(Al~(3+))=2:1:1时电催化还原硝酸盐效果最好,其还原峰电流与硝酸盐浓度及扫描速率呈正相关。研究结果表明,Cu-Co-Al类水滑石涂膜电极可以用于硝酸盐的电化学检测与去除工艺过程中。     

二元混合硝酸盐的配制及性能

按照不同配比、不同配制方法得到系列二元混合硝酸盐样品,并得到不同混合熔盐的差式扫描量热曲线,同时对配制的熔盐进行多次反复熔化和加热,研究其稳定性。结果表明:当硝酸钠占混合物总质量的40%～60%,或硝酸钠和硝酸钾的质量比为9∶1时,形成的混合物具备共晶性质,其他比例的混合熔盐无法达到共晶状态;两种配制方法均可达到共晶状态,其熔点十分接近;而且,配制的混合熔盐经过反复加热后,其熔点和分解点变化不大,证明对于二元混合熔盐可仅通过物理搅拌即可达到共晶状态。     

酚二磺酸分光光度法测定硝酸盐氮常见影响因素分析及调控

酚二磺酸分光光度法是测定硝酸盐氮常用的国标方法之一,作为一个条件实脸,很多因素影响着测试结果。着重阐述在测试过程中影响硝酸盐氮测定的一些因素及其控制方法,以期为做好硝酸盐氮测定工作提供参考。     

Application of the exergy method to environmental impact estimation: The ammonium nitrate production as a case study

The exergy method is used to compare different production processes and various methods for emission abatement with respect to their overall environmental impact. Some ammonium nitrate production processes are studied as examples, because the pollutants (ammonia and ammonium nitrate), emitted from these processes into the air and/or into the water, are really a feedstock and a product from the production process. Therefore, the essential result of the waste flows treatment is the recycling of the pollutants (ammonia and ammonium nitrate) back into the production process, decreasing simultaneously the exergy input and cumulative exergy consumption     

The preparation and properties of multi-component molten salts

This paper was focused on thermal stability of molten salts and their thermo-physical properties at high temperature. In this experiment, multi-component molten salts composed of potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate with 5% additive A of the chlorides were prepared by statical mixing method. The experiments found molten salt with 5% additive A had higher thermal stability and its best operating temperature would be increased to 550 °C from 500 °C when comparing to ternary nitrate salt. Meanwhile, thermal stability and thermal cycling analysis showed molten salts with 5% additive A had lower freezing point and loss of nitrite content and deterioration time of molten salts were reduced at the same time. DSC tests also indicated loss of latent heat in molten salts with 5% additive A was decreased. Besides, thermo-physical properties measured showed molten salt with 5% additive A had a heat capacity of 2.32 kJ/kg °C, lower than 4.19 kJ/kg °C for water between 0 °C and 100 °C and a low viscosity range from 3.0 to 1.4 cp between 150 °C and 500 °C, analogous with 1.8–0.3 cp for water between 0 °C and 100 °C. Other thermo-physical properties, such as thermal conductivity, density and linear thermal expansion, were also determined here.     

Influence of NO2^- on the Microscopic Structure and Physical Properties of the Binary Nitrate Salts: a Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

Molecular dynamics simulation method was used to study the influence of NO2^- on both the structure and properties of the binary nitrate salts(60 wt.% NaNO3 + 40 wt.% KNO3). The density and viscosity of the mixtures were experimentally measured and the simulation results met well with the experimental ones. The simulation results showed that, with the addition of NO2^-, the ionic clusters tended to loose and the mobilities of all the ions tended to increase. The density, viscosity, and heat capacity decreased while the thermal conductivity increased with the increase of NO2^- concentration. The correlation between the microscopic structure and physical properties of the mixtures were discussed and revealed.