非洲天然气与石油产业的新格局

持续的高油价和新技术的不断发展,令非洲近年来的石油和天然气勘探日趋活跃。随着肯尼亚、乌干达、加纳、莫桑比克和坦桑尼亚等国新发现石油和天然气,非洲正在形成新的能源格局。非洲传统产油国主要集中在北非和西非,尼日利亚、安哥拉、刚果(布)、赤道几内亚、加蓬、苏丹和乍得等是撒哈拉以南地区主要产油国。最近几年,西非和东非一些国     

定风速下偏航失控和叶轮过速时的塔架载荷分析

风力发电机组的工作环境和条件比较恶劣,常常存在着不确定性。风机运行的过程中,偏航失控和叶轮过速是经常出现的。文章针对偏航失控和叶轮过速两种情况,将现场实测数据导入风机专业软件,模拟风机运行和停机工况,得出塔架扭矩和受力图谱,并分析比较了塔顶和塔底的载荷情况。经分析比较表明,在偏航失控和叶轮过速情况下,塔架底部和顶部扭矩的变化量要明显大于塔架受力的变化,而且塔架底部的受力要大于顶部的受力,塔架顶部和底部的扭矩与受力基本相同。     

石油和化学工业能源的节约和有效利用规划(一)

我国经济的持续和快速发展推动了能源需求。能源供应量的限制及环境形势的日益严重,促使我们必须加强能源的节约和有效利用。石油和化学工业是国民经济的重要支柱产业,同时,能源消耗总量在我国能源消耗总量中所占比重较高。因此,对石油和化学工业能源的节约和有效利用进行规划是非常必要的。本文从企业、化学工业区、区域和国家等层面探讨了进行能源的节约和有效利用值得关注和需要解决的问题。     

我国铁路动车和动车组的发展(中)

综述了从1958年至今我国铁路动车和动车组发展的3个阶段及其特点,对国内外铁路动车和动车组目前发展水平进行了比较,总结出国产动车和动车组在9个方面与国际先进水平的差距,提出关于我国铁路动车和动车组发展的5点意见。简析了铁路动车和动车组国内、国际市场的现状和发展趋向,指出进一步加强和加快我国铁路动车和动车组发展的必要性和紧迫性。     

天然气在我国节能环保领域的应用

在中国经济结构和能源结构调整的背景下,天然气是重要的燃料和化学原料。由于其低排放、低污染、高效率和广泛的适应性,在电力、冶金、运输和居民生活中有广泛用途,为节能事业做出了巨大的贡献。从环境保护和节能的角度阐述天然气的应用,分析天然气在经济转型和社会发展过程中的特点和优势,并进行综合分析和展望。     

LABVIEW和C语言混合编程在工业锅炉热效率计算中的应用

通过LABVIEW和C语言混合编程应用于工业锅炉热效率计算,LABVIEW搭建界面调用和控制等模块,C语言编写繁琐的计算过程。结果表明,可以综合LABVIEW和C语言的特点和优势,在编程计算和控制方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

中国应对气候变化现行财政政策分析

近年来我国出台了多项支持新能源和节能减排的财政政策和措施,以积极应对气候变化。其中,在财政投入,税收政策,收费政策和政府采购政策方面都有相应的优惠和倾斜。文章指出现行财政政策在应对气候变化上存在不足,有待继续完善。     

汽车发动机粉末冶金热锻连杆

介绍了粉末冶金热锻连杆的材料成分和制造工艺。根据国外文献和国内外相关专利资料,比较了锻钢连杆和粉末冶金连杆的强度和疲劳寿命。详细说明了取自连杆的试样的机械性能和用连杆零件所作的疲劳试验的结果。此外,还讨论了在大量生产条件下,锻钢连杆和粉末冶金连杆在经济性方面的比较。最后提出了几点关于选择连杆材料和降低连杆成本的结论和建议。     

我国铁路动车和动车组的发展(下)

综述了从1958年至今我国铁路动车和动车组发展的3个阶段及其特点,对国内外铁路动车和动车组目前发展水平进行了比较,总结出国产动车和动车组在9个方面与国际先进水平的差距,提出关于我国铁路动车和动车组发展的5点意见。简析了铁路动车和动车组国内、国际市场的现状和发展趋向,指出进一步加强和加快我国铁路动车和动车组发展的必要性和紧迫性。     

生物质与煤流化床催化气化制备燃气

基于单一流化床两步气化法,以煤作为热载体和发热体,水蒸气为气化剂,CaO为催化剂,在自行研制的流化床热态装置上对生物质（锯木）气化制备燃气进行了研究。探讨了温度和水蒸气与锯木比对燃气组分和低位热值的影响。在所研究的操作参数范围内,（H2 + CO）含量为67.58% ~ 74.9%,燃气低位热值为10719.09 kJ/Nm3 ~ 12002.44 kJ/Nm3。实验结果表明,含少量N2的中热值燃气可以被获得,H2和CO是燃气中最主要的两种气体。随着温度的升高,燃气中H2和CO含量增加,而CH4和CO2含量及燃气低位热值则呈现下降趋势。随着水蒸气与锯木比的增加,燃气中H2和CO2含量增加,而CH4和CO含量则相应的减小。     

对暖通空调系统节能设计的讨论

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,人们对于家居住房的舒适指标的要求也越来越高,这使得采暖通风空调的使用更加普遍,但随之而来的是暖通空调高能耗问题也更加严重。本文对暖通空调节能设计中存在的问题进行了分析,提出了暖通空调节能设计的一般原则和设计中应注意的问题。     

Uncertainties in energy and economic performance of HVAC systems and energy recovery ventilators due to uncertainties in building and HVAC parameters

Energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) are exhaust air energy recovery devices for outdoor ventilation air preconditioning in building HVAC systems. The energy and economic performance of an ERV depends on its effectiveness, cost, maintenance as well as other parameters such as climate, building design and HVAC system parameters. In this study, a sensitivity analysis is used to evaluate the impact of uncertainty of building and HVAC system parameters on the energy savings potential and economics of ERVs. Firstly, the impact of building parameters on HVAC system peak loads, capital cost, annual energy use and operating cost are investigated for an office building located in Chicago using TRNSYS simulations. The results show that the ventilation rate has the most significant impact on total HVAC system energy performance. Secondly, energy and economic analysis on the ERV’s payback period is conducted with a specified variation of each input parameter. The results illustrate that an ERV with 75% sensible and 60% latent effectiveness can reduce the peak heating load by 30%, the peak cooling load by 18%, the annual heating energy usage by 40% and the annual cooling energy usage by 8%, with a payback period of 2 years. The uncertainty of ERV’s payback period to its initial cost, recovery effectiveness, energy rate, HVAC equipment initial cost and efficiency as well as ventilation rate are also presented. A ±25% uncertainty in the 7 building and HVAC system input parameters studied results in a maximum 17% and 225% uncertainty in the payback period of the ERV respectively.     

The map of energy flow in HVAC systems

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are the most energy consuming building services representing approximately half of the final energy use in the building sector and between one tenth and one fifth of the energy consumption in developed countries. Despite their significant energy use, there is a lack of a consistent and homogeneous framework to efficiently guide research and energy policies, mainly due to the complexity and variety of HVAC systems but also to insufficient rigour in their energy analysis. This paper reviews energy related aspects of HVAC systems with the aim of establishing a common ground for the analysis of their energy efficiency. The paper focuses on the map of energy flow to deliver thermal comfort: the HVAC energy chain. Our approach deals first with thermal comfort as the final service delivered to building occupants. Secondly, conditioned spaces are examined as the systems where useful heat (or coolth) is degraded to provide comfort. This is followed by the analysis of HVAC systems as complex energy conversion devices where energy carriers are transformed into useful heat and coolth, and finally, the impact of HVAC energy consumption on energy resources is discussed.     

A review of heat pump systems for heating and cooling of buildings in China in the last decade

Heat pump technology fully shows the principle of energy recycling in terms of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC). It avoids unipolarity of energy using in the conventional HVAC system. Heat pumps use high-grade energy as a driving energy, recovering and upgrading low-grade energy for avail, like a pump. Because heat source used in HVAC usually is low temperature heat, heat pump systems adopted in HVAC will help improve heating performance coefficient. Therefore, HVAC is one of ideal users of heat pump applications, and thus high-grade energy used in HVAC can be replaced with a large number of low-temperature renewable energy. Through the heat pump technology, natural low-grade energy stored in the soil, water, air or waste heat from variant industries and daily lives, is supplied for building cooling/heating and hot water serving. Therefore, vast applications and developments of heat pump technology are presented in HVAC in China, and some progresses are achieved in the system innovation, experimental research, product development and engineering application, etc. This paper reviews the progress of researches, applications and development in the field of heat pumps for building cooling/heating in China since the 21st century.     

Impact of building forms on thermal performance and thermal comfort conditions in religious buildings in hot climates: a case study in Sharjah city

The common system used for thermal regulation in mosques of United Arab Emirates (UAE) is the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. This system increases demands on energy consumption and increases CO₂ emission. A passive design approach is one of the measures to reduce these problems. This study involved an analytical examination of building forms, followed by testing the impact of these forms on its thermal performance and indoor thermal comfort. The tests were conducted using energy simulations software packages. Passive parameters such as shading devices, thermal insulation and natural ventilation were applied in six cases, including the baseline case within each form. The obtained results showed a significant effect of mosque forms as well as passive design techniques on the thermal comfort within the structures. The findings confirmed that the use of passive design alone would not help achieve thermal comfort, but reduce the annual energy consumption by10%. By integrating a hybrid air-conditioning system as another supporting approach, the annual energy consumption could be reduced by 67.5%, which allows for the designing of a much smaller HVAC system.     

中央空调系统变频节电及余热回收技术

运用中央空调系统热负载关系图，分析了压缩机、循环水泵、空调箱三大电耗部分的节能原理、潜力及国外最新发展动态，介绍了中央空调变频闭环节能系统和余热回收系统，提出了饭店业制冷、供热系统能源循环利用的节能新模式。     

浅议暖通空调节能设计的若干问题

分析了暖通空调节能设计中存在的问题,提出了暖通空调节能设计的一般原则和设计中应注意的问题。     

地下商业建筑暖通空调系统的设计对人们环境心理的影响

根据环境心理学的基本原理，结合地下商业建筑暖通空调工程设计的实际经验，阐述了空调系统的人性化设计在创造良好的地下商业心理环境中的重要作用，并且在实际工程的基础上提出了改善地下商业空间环境心理中舒适感和安全感的有关暖通设计的具体措施。     

Heating and cooling energy recovery for an HVAC system: Economic analysis for the Italian climate

In this paper the economic analysis of the energy recovery in all‐outdoor‐air HVAC systems for the Italian climate is performed. The energy recovery device considered here is the same for both heating and cooling periods. During the summer season, the energy saving is achieved by evaporative cooling. The performances of the hybrid innovative HVAC system and the traditional system are calculated hour by hour by following the test reference year (TRY) profile. Such analysis is carried out taking into account simultaneously, the trend of some climatic indexes computed in order to (i) better understand the influence of climate on the HVAC system behaviour, (ii) obtain a swift feasibility analysis of the energy recovery system and (iii) perform a rough operating cost estimate of the traditional HVAC system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于建筑环境的空调系统节能分析

针对暖通空调节能的趋势 ,分析了建筑环境对暖通空调系统的影响 ,提出从建筑环境方面考虑问题是暖通空调节能的必要途径 ,概括地介绍了空调能源的发展方向和空调节能的多种手法