Effect of changing injection pressure on Mahua oil and biodiesel combustion with CeO2 nanoparticle blend on CI engine performance and emission characteristics

Alternative fuels have sparked a lot of interest as oil deposits have decreased and environmental concerns have grown. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is being researched as a possible replacement for fossil fuels. In the current investigation, the combustion performance, and emission characteristics of CI(Compression Ignition) engine were examined by changing the fuel injection pressure (180, 200, 220 and 240 bar). The biodiesel (B20) used in this analysis was obtained from Mahua oil at 20% v/v blended with neat diesel (20% Mahua Biodiesel + 80% Diesel). CeO₂(Cerium Oxide) nanoparticles were introduced to the B20 fuel at four distinct concentrations are 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Performance characteristics such as BTE(Brake Thermal Efficiency) and BSFC(Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) were inferior to diesel, at 240 bar B20 with 25 ppm CeO₂ indicated 1.9% increased BTE and 3.8% reduced BSFC compared B20 and 6% lower EGT (Exhaust Gas Temperature) compared diesel. At 200 bar, fuel samples indicated slightly higher In-Cylinder pressure and lower HRR (Heat release rate) compared to diesel. At 200 bar FIP(Fuel Injection Pressure), HC(Hydro Carbon) and CO(Carbon Monoxide) emissions were reduced significantly compared to diesel. The largest reduction in smoke opacity and NOx(Nitrous Oxide) emissions were observed at 240 bar with 75 ppm dosage, but CO₂(Carbon Dioxide) emissions were higher at 220 bar.     

Preparation,characterization and effect of calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide nano additives on fuel properties of tire oil diesel blend

The present study deals with the preparation, characterization, and effect of and Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) Nano additives on the fuel properties in the tire oil–diesel fuel blend. The above said Nanoparticles were prepared by the ball milling method using toluene as the solvent. Tire oil was prepared from scrap tires by pyrolysis process in the temperature range of 400–650°C. The morphology and particle size were determined by means of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the SEM image, the particle size for CaCO₃ and TiO₂ was found to be 153nm and 99.2nm, respectively, which strongly confirms the particles size in Nano range. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy was used to study the chemical compounds in the Nanoparticles. The presence of peaks in the wavelength range of 700–500 cm^?1 validates the presence of metallic compounds in the particles. The crystal structure of the Nanoparticles was determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique and the Nano crystallite structure was calculated by using Debye-Scherer equation. The diffraction peaks obtained from the XRD patterns were indexed to the pure cubic fluorite structure of CaCO₃ and TiO₂. From the Debye Scherer’s equation the particle size for CaCO₃ and TiO₂ were found to be 24.48nm and 37.86 nm, respectively. Visualisation of the Nanoparticles in three dimensions was carried out by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) from which the maximum and minimum size of the particles was determined. The maximum and minimum particle sizes were found to be 99nm and 62nm for CaCO₃ whereas for TiO₂ it is found to be 76nm and 47nm, respectively. Particle size analyzer was used to calculate the average size of the particle. 1000 ppm of the prepared Nanoparticles was added to tire oil-diesel fuel blend (T20) by means of probe sonication and the phase stability of the blends with CaCO₃ and TiO₂ Nanoparticles were found to be ?18.1 mV and ?26.2 mV, respectively. The fuel properties such as viscosity, density, calorific value, flash point, cetane number, cloud point, and pour point were found to align with that of ASTM standards and can be considered as an alternate energy source in a Compression Ignition engine.     

Environment effect of La2O3 nano-additives on microalgae-biodiesel fueled CRDI engine with conventional diesel

In this present work, corn oil biodiesel with La₂O₃ was used as an additive with neat diesel fuel and blends were prepared. La₂O₃ nanoparticles are dispersed in the emulsions with different dosage levels of 50, 75, and 100 ppm. A single-cylinder, four-stroke CRDI diesel engine is made to run on different fuel concentrations to study the effect of emission characteristics of the fuel. The test engine was operated under constant engine speed (1500 rpm) and different engine load test conditions. According to the experimental results, fuel blends with biodiesel fuel emission increases CO₂ and NOx and reduces the CO, HC, and smoke emissions compared with the B20 fuel.     

Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine

In this study, performance and emissions of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine was experimentally investigated. For the study, cottonseed oil methyl ester (CSOME) was added to diesel fuel, numbered D2, by volume of 5%(B5), 20%(B20), 50%(B50) and 75%(B75) as well as pure CSOME (B100). Fuels were tested in a single cylinder, direct injection, air cooled diesel engine. The effects of CSOME-diesel blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions were examined at various engine speeds and full loaded engine. The effect of B5, B20, B50, B75, B100 and D2 on the engine power, engine torque, bsfc's and exhaust gasses temperature were clarified by the performance tests. The influences of blends on CO, NO_x, SO₂ and smoke opacity were investigated by emission tests. The experimental results showed that the use of the lower blends (B5) slightly increases the engine torque at medium and higher speeds in compression ignition engines. However, there were no significant differences in performance values of B5, B20 and diesel fuel. Also with the increase of the biodiesel in blends, the exhaust emissions were reduced. The experimental results showed that the lower contents of CSOME in the blends can partially be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines.     

A study on performance and exhaust emissions of the steam injected DI diesel engine running with different diesel- conola oil methyl ester blends

Although biodiesels have low emission profiles, the main drawback of using biodiesel in diesel engines is higher NOx. Nowadays, the electronic controlled steam injection is a promising method for NOx control. This study investigates the effects of steam injection with diesel fuel-canola oil methyl ester (COME) blends on the performance and emissions characteristics of a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel engine. Steam is injected into the inlet manifold during inlet period. The combustion of diesel-COME blends has been modeled using two zone combustion model. The results have been compared with each other in terms of performance and emissions. The maximum increments in engine torque and power were measured as 2.5% for 10% COME (B10) at 1200 rpm, 2.8% for 20% COME (B20) at 2200 rpm. The effects of steam injection on performance and emissions of the diesel engine running with B10 and B20 COME blends were also investigated. Satisfaction improvements have been obtained with the combination of steam injection and COME blends. The maximum torque of the engine running with B10 and 10% steam ratio combination (B10 + S10) and B20 and 10% steam ratio combinations (B20 + S10) were found as 2.4% at 1400 rpm and 0.6% at 1400 rpm, respectively. Significant reduction has been observed in NOx emission with B10-S10 combination. The reduction rate in NOx emissions were 22% with B10-S10 and 18% with B20-S10 at 1200 rpm. The study showed that steam injection is an effective tool for controlling NOx emissions without performance degradation in the diesel engines fueled with COME blends.     

Performance of a stationary diesel engine using loofah (Luffa cylindrica,L.) biodiesel

A stationary diesel engine using loofah ethyl ester (biodiesel) was studied and evaluated. Loofah biodiesel was obtained by reacting loofah oil with ethanol in a two-step transesterification process. The loofah biodiesel produced from ethyl esters was blended with automotive gas oil at 0–20% mix with 5% increment of loofah ethyl esters. The performance of a constant speed, stationary 2.46 kW diesel engine was evaluated using loofah biodiesel at five loading conditions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of full load). The engine torque, speed, exhaust gas temperature, brake-specific fuel consumption, the brake thermal efficiency and fuel equivalent power ranged from 1.47 to 8.47 Nm, 1300–1500 rev/min, 65–420 °C, 526.24–684.99 g/kWh, 21.91–27.1% and 51.35–33.24%, respectively, when using all the loofah biodiesel samples at all loading conditions. Loofah biodiesel is suitable to fuel a diesel engine.     

Effect of hydrogen enrichment and TiO2 nanoparticles on waste cooking palm biodiesel run CRDI engine

In this study, we deal with the production and utilization of waste-cooking palm biodiesel (WCB) and.evaluated the influence of the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles in hydrogen-enriched single-cylinder CRDI diesel engine. XRD, SEM, and EDX decide the structure and morphology of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The TiO₂ nanoparticles were dispersed in the tested fuels at a dosage of 50–75 ppm with the aid of ultra-sonication. Based on the oxidation stability study, the B20 + 75 ppm (TiO₂) fuel blend is the pilot fuel for the engine test. Further, the engine is enriched with a hydrogen (H₂) flow of 10 lpm. Results revealed that the performance parameters were improved with the addition of H₂ enrichment and TiO₂ nanoparticles compared to D. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine was improved by 8.21%. In comparison, brake-specific fuel consumption decreased by 42.86%. Furthermore, adding nanoparticles also reduced CO and HC emissions by 74% and 27.27%, respectively, whereas the NO_x emission was slightly increased. Thus, the findings demonstrated that hydrogen-enriched nanoparticles added to biodiesel might be considered a substitute for fossil fuels and report a positive impact on diesel engine performance without requiring significant modifications.     

Influence of water on exhaust emissions on unmodified diesel engine propelled with biodiesel

The present work aims to investigate the effect of water addition to orange peel oil biodiesel (BD100) in a diesel engine to reduce the exhaust emissions. Fuel samples are prepared with different concentrations of water into biodiesel, 95% biodiesel + 5% water (BD95W5) and 90% orange peel oil biodiesel + 10% water (BD90W10). The water is added to biodiesel in presence of surfactant (Span-80). The experimental investigation on diesel engine reveals that the oxides of nitrogen emission and smoke emission are reduced for BD95W5 and BD90W10 compared to BD100 and diesel. In addition, the introduction of water to biodiesel in diesel engine reduces the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions noticeably.     

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalysts and its operational characteristics on variable compression ratio CI engine

In the present work, the optimum biodiesel conversion from waste cooking oil to biodiesel through transesterification method was investigated. The base catalyzed transesterification under different reactant proportions such as the molar ratio of alcohol to oil and mass ratio of catalyst to oil was studied for optimum production of biodiesel. The optimum condition for base catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil was determined to be 12:1 and 5 wt% of zinc doped calcium oxide. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel such as the calorific value, flash point and density were examined and compared to conventional diesel. The properties of produced biodiesel and their blend for different ratios (B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100) were comparable with properties of diesel oil and ASTM biodiesel standards. Tests have been conducted on CI engine which runs at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, injection pressure of 200 bar, compression ratio 15:1 and 17.5, and varying engine load. The performance parameters include brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and emissions parameters such as Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and smoke opacity varying with engine load (BP). Diesel engine's thermal performance and emission parameters such as CO, HC, and NOx on different biodiesel blends demonstrate that biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst was suitable to be used as diesel oil blends and had lesser emissions as compared to conventional diesel.     

Effects of exhaust gas recirculation on emission characteristics of Mahua (Madhuca Indica) biodiesel using red mud as catalyst

In this work, Mahua vegetable oil in the presence of red mud as a catalyst for the preparation of bio-diesel is investigated. The cracking process is carried out in a reactor chamber maintained at a temperature of 65°C in order to obtain biodiesel. The product obtained after the cracking process is evaluated for physio-chemical properties such as flash point, fire point, calorific value, and specific gravity, and the obtained values were compared with neat diesel. The biodiesel is then blended with diesel fuel on volume basis such as B25, B50, B75, and B100. The experiment was carried out in a single cylinder, water cooled DI diesel engine to study the emission characteristics. The results revealed that the use of red mud as a catalyst increases the fuel property and reduces the effect of environmental pollution. This method of biodiesel preparation is very much cost effective and the use of red mud as a catalyst further decreases the cost of biodiesel compared to neat diesel.     

Emission analysis of Azolla methyl ester with BaO nano additives for IC engine

The aim of this work is to decrease emissions in diesel engines fueled with diesel and algae biodiesel blends and also addition of BiO nanoparticles. Azolla algae can be used to produce biodiesel, because of high oil content. The biodiesel was prepared by using Azolla algae non-edible oil through transesterification process. In the present study, the BaO nano additives into the algae oil-based methyl ester blend and its diesel blends are analyzed the emission characteristic at different load. Addition of BaO nanoparticle was a strategy to reduce emission (CO, HC, and O₂) of the biodiesel.     

Hydrogen addition to tea seed oil biodiesel: Performance and emission characteristics

Compression ignition engines are the dominant tools of the modern human life especially in the field of transportation. But, the increasing problematic issues such as decreasing reserves and environmental effects of diesel fuels which is the energy source of compression ignition engines forcing researchers to investigate alternative fuels for substitution or decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels. The mostly known alternative fuel is biodiesel fuel and many researchers are investigating the possible raw materials for biodiesel production. Also, hydrogen fuel is an alternative fuel which can be used in compression ignition engines for decreasing fuel consumption and hazardous exhaust emissions by enriching the fuel. In this study, influences of hydrogen enrichment to diesel and diesel tea seed oil biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) were investigated on an unmodified compression ignition engine experimentally. In consequence of the experiments, lower torque and higher brake specific fuel consumption data were measured when the engine was fuelled diesel biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) instead of diesel fuel. Also, diesel biodiesel blends increased CO₂ and NO_x emissions while decreasing the CO emissions. Hydrogen enrichment (5 l/m and 10 l/m) was improved the both torque and brake specific fuel consumption for all test fuels. Furthermore, hydrogen enrichment reduced CO and CO₂ emissions due to absence of carbon atoms in the chemical structure for all test fuels. Increasing flow rate of hydrogen fuel from 5 l/m to 10 l/m further improved performance measures and emitted harmful gases except NO_x. The most significant drawback of the hydrogen enrichment was the increased NO_x emissions.     

Environment-friendly fuel Cymbopogon flexuosus: Analysis of fuel properties,performance, and emission parameters of a Direct Injection Compression Ignition research engine

The novelty of this study  discusses on the influence of neat lemongrass oil (LGO) on fuel analysis, performance and emission analysis, naturally aspirated diesel engine. The critical parameters include iodine value, flash point, kinematic viscosity, saponification and cetane numbers, calorific value, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) studies were investigated. The oxygenated elements, such as naphthalene, caryophyllene, pentadecanoic acid, dihydropyridine, d -limonene are observed using GC-MS analysis. The higher hydrocarbon (HC) chain length indicates a rise in energy density and boiling point with a reduction of volatility. Using FT-IR analysis, C–H stretching vibrations are found at a frequency of 1672 cm⁻¹. The C≐C stretching vibrations at 1740 cm⁻¹ reveals the availability of the alkenes/fingerprint phase. Experiments were conducted at four different volumetric blend ratios of LGO-diesel blends at typical injection parameters under different loading conditions. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreased for all the test combinations of LGO than diesel. BTE is observed as 30.79% at diesel, 30.06% at LGO25, 28.71% at LGO50, 27.77% at LGO75%, and 27.23% at LGO100. The cylinder pressure and heat release rate increased proportionately with the LGO fuel mixture. Carbon monoxide, HC, and smoke emissions are reduced by LGO mixtures than diesel at the full load of the engine. It was noted that greater blends of LGO and diesel resulted in increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions and engine tribological characteristics. The NO_x is increased by 21.2% at LGO25, 24.3% at LGO50, 26.5% at LGO75 and 30.8% at LGO100 when compared with diesel. Without any chemical processing, Cymbopogon flexuosus oil can be blended directly with diesel fuel.     

Emission analysis of Azolla methyl ester with Bi2O3 nano additives for IC engine

This work investigates the effect of using Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles at a different proportion of Azolla algae methyl ester in a four-stroke single cylinder diesel engine. Azolla algae can be used to produce biodiesel, because of high oil content. Biodiesel is developed by the transesterification of oil. In the present study, the Bi₂O₃ nano additives into the oil-based methyl ester blend and its diesel blends are analyzed the emission characteristic at different load. Addition of Bi₂O₃ nanoparticle is a strategy to reduce emission (CO, HC and smoke) of the biodiesel.     

Comparative performance analysis of diesel engine fuelled with hydrogen enriched edible and non-edible biodiesel

In the present study, a comparative analysis of enrichment of hydrogen alongside diesel fuel and two different sources of biodiesel namely rice bran oil is an edible oil, and karanja oil being non-edible is tested. Hydrogen at a fixed flow rate of 7 lpm is inducted through the intake manifold. A total of six fuel samples are considered: diesel (D), hydrogen-enriched diesel (D + H₂), hydrogen-enriched 10, and 20% rice bran biodiesel blend (RB10 + H₂ and RB20 + H₂), and hydrogen-enriched 10 and 20% karanja biodiesel blend (KB10 + H₂ and KB20 + H₂). Results indicate that enrichment of hydrogen improves combustion and results in 2.5% and 1.6% increase in the brake thermal efficiency of diesel fuel and rice bran biodiesel, respectively. For karanja biodiesel the increment is negligible. Fuel consumption of the D + H? is 6.35% lower and for RB10 + H? and KB10 + H? it is decreased by 2.9% and 1.3%, respectively. The Presence of hydrogen shows the 4–38% lower CO emissions and 6–14% lower UHC emission due to better combustion. The blends RB10 + H? and KB10 + H? produce up to 6–13% higher NOx emission and that for the blends RB20 + H? and KB20 + H? it goes up to 25%. Overall rice bran oil is found to provide better performance than karanja biodiesel.     

Performance,combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics investigation using Citrullus colocynthis L. biodiesel in DI diesel engine

The aims of this study is to investigate the performance, combustion and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder, air cooled, direct injection (DI), compression ignition engine using biodiesel from non-edible feedstock. In this work, biodiesel (B100) used to lead this investigation is Citrullus colocynthis L. methyl ester (CCME) and its blends B30 with diesel fuel. The biodiesel is produced via alkaline-catalyzed transesterification process using methanol (6:1 M ratio), 1% of sodium hydroxide at the reaction temperature of 60 °C for 1 h. The important physical and chemical properties of CCME are close to those of diesel fuel. Fuels (diesel fuel, B100 and B30) were tested on a DI diesel engine at 1500 rpm for various power outputs. The results indicated that B100 and B30 exhibit the same combustion characteristics compared to diesel fuel. However, B100 and B30 display earlier start of combustion. At lower engine loads, the peaks of cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR) were higher for B30 than B100 and diesel fuel during premixed combustion period. At higher engine loads the peaks of cylinder pressure was higher for B100 than B30 and diesel fuel, but the HRR during diffusion combustion is more considerable than diesel fuel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was higher for B100 than diesel fuel at all engine loads while B30 exhibited comparable trends. The thermal efficiency is slightly higher for B100 than B30 and diesel fuel at low loads and increase for B30 at full loads.B30 and B100 provided a higher reduction of hydrocarbons emissions up to 50% for B100. Nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions were also reduced.     

Emission analysis of diesel fuel using microalgae methylester with nano-La2O3

Algae oil from microalgae has the potential to become a sustainable fuel source as biodiesel. The transesterification reaction of Botryococcus braunii oil (BBO) with methanol and base catalyst was used for the production of Botryococcus braunii oil methyl ester (BBOME). The samples B20 (80% diesel + 20% BBOME) were prepared for each methyl ester obtained from BBO separately and then the nano-La₂O₃ particles were added to the each B20 blend samples at a dosage of 50 and 100 ppm with the aid of ultrasonicator. Moreover, in the absence of any engine modifications, the experimental results reveal that the use of BBOME blend with La₂O₃ nano-additives in diesel engine has exhibited good reduction in exhaust emissions.     

Direct injection diesel engine performance,emission, and combustion characteristics using diesel fuel,nonedible honne oil methyl ester,and blends with diesel fuel

Honne oil methyl ester (HOME) is produced from a nonedible vegetable oil, namely, honne oil, available abundantly in India. It has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel that can be used for diesel engines. The present research is aimed at investigating experimentally the performance, exhaust emission, and combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine (single cylinder, water cooled) typically used in agricultural sector over the entire load range when fuelled with HOME and diesel fuel blends, HM20 (20% HOME + 80% diesel fuel)–HM100. The properties of these blends are found to be comparable with diesel fuel conforming to the American and European standards. The combustion parameters of HM20 are found to be slightly better than neat diesel (ND). For other blend ratios, these combustion parameters deviated compared with ND. The performance (brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake‐specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature) of HM20 is better than ND. For other blend ratios, BTE is inferior compared with ND. The emissions (CO and SO) of HM20–HM100, throughout the entire load range, are dropped significantly compared with ND. Unburned hydrocarbon emissions of HM20–HM40, throughout the entire load range, is slightly decreased, whereas for other blend ratios, it is increased compared with ND. NO_x emissions of HM20, throughout the entire load range, is slightly increased, whereas for other blend ratios, it is slightly decreased. The reductions in exhaust emissions together with increase in BTE made the blend HM20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel fuel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization and application of self-assembled thin films of polyelectrolytes/TiO2/CdSe for hydrogen production

Photocatalysis of water to produce hydrogen gas over titanium dioxide or other semiconductor films, known as water splitting, is a promising alternative using solar energy to obtain a clean fuel. Self-assembled thin films (SATFs) from the physical adsorption of polyelectrolytes and inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles are created by an inexpensive and non-polluting process that gives films with high molecular organization. The aim of this work was to fabricate and characterize SATFs via the layer-by-layer technique using the polyelectrolytes polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH), poly(acrylic acid) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) in combination with titanium dioxide and CdSe nanoparticles and evaluate the application potential of these systems to produce hydrogen gas by solar radiation. The characterization of the SATFs showed that films with positive surface charge present favourable conditions for incorporation of negatively charged CdSe nanoparticles and that alkaline condition favour agglomeration of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The best system was composed of (PAH + CdSe) and (PEDOT:PSS + TiO₂ 100% anatase) in alkaline medium. With a hydrogen gas average production rate of 0.350 μmol h^?1 cm^?2, the maximum number of layers was optimized at 120 layers, beyond which there was a decrease in photocatalytic activity, reducing the average production rate to 0.07 with the SATF of 160 layers. Moreover, the presence of CdSe increased the hydrogen gas production by 75% when compared to the film containing only titanium dioxide.     

Performance of a diesel engine fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel

A direct injection diesel engine fueled by a diesel/biodiesel blend from waste cooking oil up to B100 (a blend of 100% biodiesel content) indicated a combustion efficiency rise by 1.8% at full load. The soot peak volume fraction was reduced by 15.2%, while CO and HC concentrations respectively decreased by 20 and 28.5%. The physical and chemical delay periods respectively diminished by 1.2 and 15.8% for engine noise to pronounce 6.5% reduction. Injection retarding by 5° reduced NO_x to those original levels of B0 (a blend of zero biodiesel content) and combined respective reduction magnitudes of 10 and 7% in CO and HC at 75% load. Increasing the speed reduced CO and HC respectively by 26 and 42% at 2.36 times the droplet average strain rate. By coupling the turbulence model to the spray break-up and chemical kinetics models, increasing the injection pressure simultaneously reduced CO, HC and NO_x at 17% exhaust gas recirculation ratio.