串行流化床生物质气化制氢试验研究

基于串行流化床生物质气化技术,以水蒸气为气化剂,在串行流化床试验装置上进行生物质气化制氢的试验研究,考察了气化反应器温度、水蒸气/生物质比率(S/B)对气化气成分、烟气成分和氢产率的影响。结果表明:在燃烧反应器内燃烧烟气不会串混至气化反应器,该气化技术能够稳定连续地从气化反应器获得不含N_2的富氢燃气,氢浓度最高可达71.5%;气化反应器温度是影响制氢过程的重要因素,随着温度的升高,气化气中H_2浓度不断降低,CO浓度显著上升,氢产率有所提高;S/B对气化气成分影响较小,随着S/B的增加,氢产率先升高而后降低,S/B的最优值为1.4。最高氢产率(60.3g H_2/kg biomass)是在气化反应器温度为920℃,S/B为1.4的条件下获得的。     

在流化床气化炉中生物质与煤共气化的研究（I）以空气-水蒸汽为气化剂生产低热值燃气

在600kW流化床气化炉工业示范装置上以空气-水蒸汽为气化剂,将生物质／煤按不同比例进行了共气化的实验研究。在实验研究的运行条件下,得到了生物质／煤混合比例对气化炉工作温度、燃气热值、气体产率和气化效率等重要技术参数的影响。对玉米芯／煤的比例为81／19时的典型实验结果表明：气化炉工作温度869℃,空气当量比ER=0．21,S／B=0．20时,气体产率1．96m^3／kg,燃气热值6．4MJ／m^3,气化效率71．3％,燃气中焦油含量小于l0mg／m^3,该炉经过连续运行考核,运行平稳,工况稳定。     

串行流化床生物质气化制取富氢气体模拟研究

利用串行流化床技术将生物质热解气化和燃烧过程分开,气化反应器和燃烧反应器之间通过灰渣进行热量传递,实现了自供热下生物质气化制氢.利用Aapen Plus软件模拟制氢过程,通过比较单反应器生物质气化的模拟结果和实验结果,验证了模拟研究的可行性.重点研究串行流化床中非催化气化与CaCO3作用下的气化过程,探讨了气化温度、蒸汽与生物质的质量配比(S/B)对制氢的影响,为今后开展生物质气化制氢试验提供了理论参考.结果表明:对应不同气化温度,S/B都存在一个最佳值,且随着温度升高其值减小.当气化温度低于750℃时,添加CaCO3可大幅提高氢产率,气化温度为700℃且在S/B约为0.9时氢产率最大,达43.7 mol·(kg生物质)-1(干燥无灰基),比同温度下非催化气化提高了20.3%.随着气化温度升高,CaCO3促进作用减弱.     

稻壳与木屑气化制取富氢燃气的试验研究

采用单一流化床二步气化方法,以纯水蒸气为气化剂,在流化床中进行制取氢气的工艺试验。在对试验数据进行分析的基础上,探讨了一些主要参数[如反应器温度、水蒸气/生物质(S/B)、生物质化学成分]对氢产率的影响。分析结果表明:较高的反应温度、S/B以及纤维素和半纤维素含量比较有利于氢的产出。验证试验表明:在反应温度为1000~1050℃,S/B为2.0的条件下,纤维素和半纤维素含量为74.1%的木屑(干基)的氢产率最高,为61.67g/kg。     

生物质富氧——水蒸气气化制氢特性研究

以一个鼓泡流化床为反应器,对生物质富氧—水蒸气气化制取富氢燃气的特性进行了一系列的实验研究。通过对试验数据的分析,探讨了主要参数温度、水蒸气/生物质(S/B)和氧浓度对气体成分、氢产率和潜在产氢量的影响。结果表明:在3个主要参数的变化范围内,氢产率和潜在氢产量受温度的影响最大:当温度从700~900℃时,每千克生物质氢产量从18g增加到了53g,每千克生物质潜在氢产量从71.6g增加到了115.6g。     

纤维素废弃物稀酸水解残渣制氢研究

对纤维素废弃物水解残渣催化气化制氢进行了研究,考察了气化温度、催化温度、催化剂颗粒粒径和S/B (单位时间内进入气化器中水蒸汽质量与生物质质量之比)4个主要参数对气体组成和氢气产率的影响并和以木屑为原料催化气化制氢进行了比较。在试验范围内提高气化温度、催化温度和S/B的值以及减小催化剂颗粒粒径对提高氢产率有利,其中气化温度和S/B对提高氢产率影响较大。气化温度在800～850℃内较为理想,催化剂颗粒的适宜粒径为2～3mm,S/B取1.5～2.0较佳;和木屑制氢相比,使用水解残渣制取的气体中CO和CO_2的体积百分比小,H_2/CO的值大,氢气含量高,有利于后续处理,且氢产率大,对制氢有利。     

在流化床气化炉中生物质与煤共气化的研究(Ⅰ)以空气-水蒸汽为气化剂生产低热值燃气

在600kW流化床气化炉工业示范装置上以空气.水蒸汽为气化剂,将生物质/煤按不同比例进行了共气化的实验研究.在实验研究的运行条件下,得到了生物质/煤混合比例对气化炉工作温度、燃气热值、气体产率和气化效率等重要技术参数的影响.对玉米芯/煤的比例为81/19时的典型实验结果表明:气化炉工作温度869℃,空气当量比ER=0.21,S/B=0.20时,气体产率1.96m3/kg,燃气热值6.4MJ/m3,气化效率71.3%,燃气中焦油含量小于10mg/m3,该炉经过连续运行考核,运行平稳,工况稳定.     

生物质气流床气化制取合成气的试验研究

利用一套小型生物质层流气流床气化系统,研究了稻壳、红松、水曲柳和樟木松4种生物质在不同反应温度、氧气/生物质比率(O/B)、水蒸汽/生物质比率(S/B)以及停留时间下对合成气成分、碳转化率、H2/CO以及CO/CO2比率的影响.研究表明4种生物质在常压气流床气化生成合成气最佳O/B范围为0.2～0.3(气化温度.1300℃),高温气化时合成气中CH4含量很低,停留时间为1.6s时其气化反应基本完毕.加大水蒸汽含量可增加H2/CO比率,在S/B为0.8时H2/CO比率都在1以上,但水蒸汽的过多引入会影响煤气产率.气化温度是生物质气流床气化最重要的影响因素之一.     

生物质鼓泡流化床气化特性的空气当量比影响分析

在鼓泡流化床生物质气化器内,以空气为气化介质,对木屑进行了常压气化试验研究。选择空气当量比ER为0．13～0．33进行试验,研究了在气化温度为760％、810～12和860℃条件下对气化结果的影响。试验结果表明：主要燃气成分含量H2：6．2％～14．1％,CO29．9％～30．2％,CH4：1．6％～11．2％,产气率：1．0m3／kg～1．740／kg,产气低位热值：3526kJ／m3～9184kJ／m3,碳转换率：52．3％～82．3％,气化效率38％～69．1％。     

生物质流化床催化气化制取富氢燃气

以流化床和固定床为反应器，以制取富氢燃气为目标，对生物质催化气化进行了研究。实验所用催化剂为白云石和镍基催化剂。白云石作为流态化催化剂在流化床内使用；镍基催化剂在流化床出口的固定床反应器内使用。重点研究了不同固定床反应条件对气体和氢产率的影响。固定床反应条件为：温度，650～850℃，催化剂质量空速，2．68～10．72h^-1。在催化反应器出口，H2体积平均含量超过50％，CH4含量降低50％左右，C2组分降低到1％以下。在实验条件范围内，最高气体产率可以达到3．31Nm^3／kg biomass，最高氢产率可达到130．28g H2／kg biomass，对镍基催化剂350min的寿命测试表明，该系统具有较稳定的操作性能。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．