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1.
出口印度锅炉应满足的要求和设计方面的注意事项   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
叶雯 《工业锅炉》2009,(2):41-46
主要介绍出口印度的锅炉需要满足的总体要求,即锅炉设计、制造、检验必须满足印度锅炉规程(简称IBR);另外重点阐述出口印度的锅炉在设计上需要关注的几个方面,如材料的许用应力、安全系数、强度计算公式、安全阀排放量计算等。  相似文献   

2.
通过对ASME规范第I卷(动力锅炉建造规范)受压元件用材料和GB/T 16507—2013水管锅炉用材料的许用应力的取值规则进行分析,利用ASME规范第Ⅱ卷D篇表1A最大许用应力值、表U抗拉强度值、表Y-1屈服强度值等,制定出了符合GB/T 16507—2013设计标准(即许用应力取值规则)的ASME材料许用应力的转换规则。该规则可实现程序化计算,提升设计效率。  相似文献   

3.
叶雯 《江苏锅炉》2005,(3):14-18
本文主要介绍印度锅炉规程(IBR)中应关注的几个方面,如材料的许用应力、安全系数、计算公式、安全阀等均有要求,首先要满足它。印度锅炉规程未明确的,可参照ASME规范。  相似文献   

4.
本文论述了ASME法规材料篇中奥氏体不锈钢存在两种不同的许用应力值及我们采用作为锅炉钢管的许用应力值其安全系数低于1.5的原因。  相似文献   

5.
刘彩华 《锅炉技术》2006,37(4):31-34
对上海锅炉厂有限公司锅炉吊杆的材料选用和尺寸计算作了简单介绍;针对原吊杆尺寸计算中材料许用应力的选取已不适应当前材料许用应力的确定准则-安全系数已被修改的状况,通过调整吊杆计算标准中的许用应力以及螺纹端计算截面积来减小吊杆的尺寸规格.  相似文献   

6.
孙伟杰 《锅炉制造》2009,(4):1-5,12
珠海电厂1、2号锅炉三级再热器采用了Case-2180炉管。METI(日本产业经济省)于2005年12月在火力设备技术基准规范中将该管材的高温许用应力大幅降低,ASME规范亦在2006年降低了Case-2180的高温许用应力,因此对珠海电厂1、2号锅三级再热器Case-2180炉管重新进行强度计算,认为目前珠海电厂锅炉三级再热器Case-2180炉管存在着严重的安全隐患,建议亟需对1、2号锅炉三级再Case-2180炉管进行更换处理。  相似文献   

7.
文章介绍了锅炉炉顶受压件支吊设计的重要性。涉及内容有锅炉受压件支吊形式、设计要求和原则、设计的步骤和主要内容、荷载、设计计算温度、支承件设计的许用应力、焊缝和材料等。  相似文献   

8.
黄涛 《锅炉制造》2010,(2):31-33
论文以锅炉钢结构常用轴心受力构件—柱、垂直支撑、水平支撑(b类截面)为模型,对中美规范中,轴心受压构件计算(许用应力法)进行分析比较。  相似文献   

9.
为解决我国固定式水管锅炉计算标准和相关研究中锅筒翻边开孔交变应力范围计算的复杂性。按该标准计算方法并结合计算工况下锅炉运行中峰谷应力变化特点,对捷算法计算公式进行了推导和实例验证;对固定式水管锅炉国家标准法计算步骤和计算物理量进行了比较,并对其在船舶动力锅炉上应用的可行性进行了分析;结合已有研究成果,对我国标准规定的锅筒五种开孔型式的捷算法交变应力范围计算公式进行了的适用分类。与我国标准相比,捷算法仅需对每一计算工况下考核点处峰谷值环向应力及其合成主应力进行计算,省略了每一计算工况下三个方向间主应力差的峰谷值计算、主应力差变化范围计算和交变应力范围取值计算。捷算法也适用于具有相同开孔结构和计算应力种类不多于我国标准中的船舶动力锅炉,克服了我国标准法的不足,具有理论和应用价值。  相似文献   

10.
文章通过分析计算指出现行的锅炉标准和法规对水管锅炉锅筒的水压试验压力的规定由于没有考虑温度对材料许用应力的影响 ,在技术上是不合理的。作者提出了修改水压试验压力的建议  相似文献   

11.
Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.  相似文献   

12.
正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.  相似文献   

13.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NOx emissions. High NOx emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NOx and CO2 emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Performance assessment of some ice TES systems   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.  相似文献   

16.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.  相似文献   

17.
The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m2 parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO2 emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.  相似文献   

18.
Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H2 kg−1 VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min−1 successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H2 kg−1 VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.  相似文献   

19.
The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σred = σ1 β + (1 − β)σi, where: σ1-maximal principal stress, σi-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.  相似文献   

20.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H2 yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H2 production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m?2 s?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H2 yield was 255 μmol mg?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H2 yield included decreased O2 content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H2ase activity and starch content of the combined system.  相似文献   

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