涡轮叶片内流冷却通道中压力系数的研究

本文根据相似理论,采用几何放大的模型,在流动相似的条件下,详细研究了涡轮叶片内流冷却通道在同时带肋和气膜孔出流的情况下,各流动参数、几何参数对压力系数的影响。实验在内流通道进口雷诺数为20000-80000,通道总出流比为0.3,0.45和0.6的范围内,肋高/宽比分别为1.0和2.0,肋角度分别为45°,60°,90°和120°,不同的肋与气膜孔相对位置,以及不同的通道截面形状的条件下进行。结果显示,同时带肋和气膜孔出流的内流通道中压力系数受气膜孔出流的影响很大,肋的存在也改变了内流通道的流动结构,影响了压力系数的分布,此外,通道的截面形状也是压力系数的重要影响因素之一。文章的结果对于涡轮叶片内流冷却通道的设计具有参考意义。     

带前缘对吹孔涡轮导向叶片气膜冷却特性实验

为获得涡轮导向叶片气膜冷却特性,在叶栅风洞中运用红外热成像技术进行了带前缘对吹孔涡轮导向叶片的气膜冷却特性实验。叶片前缘布置5排复合角气膜孔形成对吹孔结构,其特点是叶片高度方向的上下两部分气膜孔径向角都偏向中截面。吸力面和压力面分别布置5排和16排圆形孔。测试的叶栅入口雷诺数为1.2×105,2.4×105和3.6×105,吹风比为1.0,1.5和2.0。实验结果表明：从前缘对吹孔出流的冷气向吸力面和压力面中截面聚集,导致中截面区域气膜覆盖效果增强;吹风比为1.0时,前缘和压力面中截面换热系数低;随吹风比增加中截面换热增强,压力面和吸力面高换热区域沿流向变长;雷诺数为1.2×105时,压力面气膜覆盖呈发散状;雷诺数为2.4×105和3.6×105时,压力面气膜覆盖宽度沿流向先变窄后变宽。     

航空发动机涡轮叶片冷却技术综述

本文综述了当前航空发动机涡轮叶片冷却技术的研究情况,着重介绍了气膜冷却、涡轮叶片内流冷却技术和气膜孔流量系数的研究进展,指出了内流冷却和外部气膜冷却相互影响,在冷却结构设计中应予以考虑。     

带肋壁与气膜孔内流通道中肋高度对流量系数的影响

在根据相似理论放大的模型上,测量了同时带肋壁与气膜孔内流通道中沿主流流向分布的各气膜孔的流量系数Cd。实验在内流通道进口雷诺数Re为20000～80000,通道总出流比SR为0 30～0 60,肋截面高宽比h/e为1 0和2 0以及肋角为60°的范围内进行,重点分析了肋高度对Cd的影响规律,并且进行了相应的数值模拟研究。结果显示:在低进口雷诺数Re(20000)和低通道总出流比SR(0 3),沿内流通道布置的各出流孔Cd通道前半部是上升的,在第五对孔时达到最大值,然后又沿通道而下降;在相同流动状况下,随肋高度的增大,肋所诱导的二次流强度增大,对带60°肋的通道而言,气膜孔流量系数降低。     

涡轮叶片表面全气膜冷却传热实验研究

对全气膜覆盖的涡轮导向叶片的表面进行了详细的传热实验研究,重点研究了不同质流比和不同雷诺数对当地气膜冷却效率和换热系数的影响.实验结果表明:质流比(冷气质量流量和主流质量流量的比值)的变化会显著地影响叶片表面温度场的分布,从而影响叶片表面的换热和冷却效率;在同一质流比下,雷诺数对气膜冷却效率的影响则相对较小.全气膜冷却能够有效地降低叶片的热负荷,该结果可作为在工程实际中的参考.     

气膜孔几何结构对涡轮叶片气膜冷却影响的研究进展

综述了近年来涡轮叶片气膜孔几何结构对气膜冷却特性影响的研究成果,介绍了影响气膜冷却效果的因素.总结了气膜孔结构对叶片前缘、叶片端壁以及对平板气膜冷却影响的研究现状.阐述了气膜孔结构对气膜冷却传热特性的影响.最后指出进一步优化气膜孔结构,综合考虑气膜孔尺寸、长度、间隔、形状以及相对透平叶片取向对气膜冷却的影响和新型气膜孔的研究.将是今后工作的重点.     

低稠度涡轮导向叶片端壁高效气膜冷却特性研究

采用低稠度涡轮导向叶片设计方案，可减少导向叶片的用量，减轻涡轮重量，降低发动机冷气用量及耗油率，但同时也带来导向叶片端壁冷却负荷增大等问题。依据低稠度涡轮导向叶片端壁的结构与流动换热特点，制定了槽缝和气膜孔共同冷却的方案。通过数值模拟和分析，重点研究了低稠度涡轮导向叶片端壁前缘气膜孔在不同方向角、孔数、孔径以及叶栅通道中气膜孔布置等条件下的流动及冷却特性。研究结果表明：对低稠度涡轮导向叶片端壁前缘气膜孔进行优化设计，可以有效克服导向叶片端壁前缘高强度马蹄涡对于气膜冷却效果的不良影响；在叶栅通道内合理设置气膜孔，可以改善通道内复杂涡旋对端壁气膜的卷吸作用，提高气膜冷却效果；当槽缝和气膜孔中的冷气流量比分别为3%和2%、气膜孔方向角为45°、气膜孔直径为1.25 mm、叶片前缘和叶栅通道气膜孔数分别为8和1时，叶片端壁表面被冷气膜全部覆盖，此时端壁面平均气膜冷却效率相对最高，达到53.7%。     

燃气轮机叶片气膜冷却研究进展

综述了近年来燃气轮机涡轮叶片气膜冷却技术的研究成果.介绍了气膜冷却的基本原理,总结了叶片端壁、顶部、前缘及尾缘区域气膜冷却的研究进展和气膜孔流量系数的研究状况,阐述了影响气膜冷却效果的各种因素及气膜冷却对气动损失的影响.最后指出将气膜冷却与其它涡轮叶片冷却技术相结合的复合冷却,应是未来涡轮叶片冷却技术的发展方向.     

几何参数对气膜孔流量系数的影响

在燃气轮机涡轮叶片的冷却设计中,气膜孔的流量系数是最关键的参数之一,它会影响气膜的实际冷气流量和气膜冷却效果。使用数值计算方法研究了孔倾斜角、孔复合角、长径比、孔入口圆角、孔出口圆角等几何参数对气膜孔流量系数的影响。提出了一种基于选定基准工况的气膜孔流量系数的关联式,该关联式将这些几何参数的影响考虑在内。与文献中试验数据的对比表明,该关联式精度较高,可以为涡轮叶片冷却设计提供参考。     

气膜孔形状对涡轮叶片气膜冷却影响的研究进展

气膜冷却是航空发动机叶片上采用的冷却方式之一,气膜孔结构对冷却效率影响非常显著。通过对不同形状孔射流气膜冷却回顾,指出了圆柱孔射流冷却的有害涡流动结构。论述了几何结构和气动参数对气膜冷却特性的影响,提出了一种高效气膜冷却孔结构——双出口气膜孔。利用商业软件对双出口射流的冷却效率进行了数值模拟。结果表明,双出口孔射流时,形成的涡结构有利于冷气贴附在壁面。最后给出了圆柱孔和双出口孔射流冷却效率对比结果,无论在平板上还是在叶片前缘,双出口孔射流冷却效率都明显高于圆柱孔射流冷却效率。     

Effect of hole configurations on film cooling performance

This study aims to investigate the cooling performance of various film cooling holes, including combined hole, cylinder hole, conical hole, and fan-shaped hole. For film cooling technology, a novel combined hole configuration is first proposed to improve the cooling protection for gas turbine engines. This combined hole consists of a central cylinder hole (an inclination angle of 35°) and two additional side holes (a lateral diffusion angle of 30°). Film holes for four-hole configurations have the same inlet diameter of 8?mm. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness for each hole configuration is analyzed for varying blowing ratios (M?=?0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0). Results show that the best cooling performance for the conical and fan-shaped holes is obtained at the blowing ratio of 0.75. In addition, the combined hole configuration provides a more uniform cooling protection and a better cooling performance than the other hole configurations.     

Effects of film cooling hole shape on heat transfer

The effects of hole shapes, secondary injection Reynolds numbers, and blowing ratios on the heat transfer downstream of film cooling holes have been investigated by using a large‐scale low‐speed loop wind tunnel. The test model consists of five film cooling holes. Experiments on dustpan‐shaped holes, fan‐shaped holes, and round holes have been conducted with injection Reynolds number ranging from 10,000 to 25,000 and blowing ratio ranging from 0.3 to 2.0. Measurements are taken under 26 conditions. Results show that the critical blowing ratio is 1.3 for the dustpan‐ and fan‐shaped holes, 0.7 for the round holes. The turbulence generated by air injection through round holes is stronger than those through dustpan‐ and fan‐shaped holes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 73–80, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20005     

Research on cooling effectiveness in stepped slot film cooling vane

As one of the most important developments in air cooling technology for hot parts of the aero-engine,film cooling technology has been widely used.Film cooling hole structure exists mainly in areas that have high temperature,uneven cooling effectiveness issues when in actual use.The first stage turbine vanes of the aero-engine consume the largest portion of cooling air,thereby the research on reducing the amount of cooling air has the greatest potential.A new stepped slot film cooling vane with a high cooling effectiveness and a high cooling uniformity was researched initially.Through numerical methods,the affecting factors of the cooling effectiveness of a vane with the stepped slot film cooling structure were researched.This paper focuses on the cooling effectiveness and the pressure loss in different blowing ratio conditions,then the most reasonable and scientific structure parameter can be obtained by analyzing the results.The results show that 1.0 mm is the optimum slot width and 10.0 is the most reasonable blowing ratio.Under this condition,the vane achieved the best cooling result and the highest cooling effectiveness,and also retained a low pressure loss.     

Lighting and cooling energy consumption in an open-plan office using solar film coating

In subtropical Hong Kong, solar heat gain via glazing contributes to a significant proportion of the building envelope cooling load. The principal fenestration design includes eliminating direct sunlight and reducing cooling requirements. Daylighting is an effective approach to allow a flexible building façade design strategy, and to enhance an energy-efficient and green building development. This paper studies the lighting and cooling energy performances for a fully air-conditioned open-plan office when solar control films together with daylight-linked lighting controls are being used. Measurements were undertaken at two stages including the electricity expenditures for the office using photoelectric dimming controls only (first stage) and together with the solar control film coatings on the windows (second stage). Electric lighting and cooling energy consumption, transmitted daylight illuminance and solar radiation were systematically recorded and analysed. The measured data were also used for conducting and validating the building energy simulations. The findings showed that the solar film coatings coupled with lighting dimming controls cut down 21.2% electric lighting and 6.9% cooling energy consumption for the open-plan office.     

Impinging cooling of film hole surface using transient liquid crystal thermograph

Effects of film hole arrangement and geometry on impingement heat transfer along a film hole surface are experimentally investigated in detail. A transient liquid crystal thermograph technology has been used in the experiment for present investigation. The film hole size with four different values, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mm, jet Reynolds number ranging from 2000 to 4000, and jet-to-target spacing ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 are considered to study the impingement heat transfer performance. In addition, three arrangements of film hole on the target plates, named side-, middle- and staggered-types, are tested, respectively. The experimental results show that the Nusselt number increases with the increase of jet Reynolds number as well as the decrease in jet-to-plate spacing. Better heat transfer can be achieved with larger film hole size. As for the effect of the arrangement of film holes on the target surface, the heat transfer on side-type plate is more significant than the other two for smaller jet-to-plate spacing.     

Turbine endwall film cooling with combustor-turbine interface gap leakage flow: Effect of incidence angle

This paper is focused on the film cooling performance of combustor-turbine leakage flow at off-design condition. The influence of incidence angle on film cooling effectiveness on first-stage vane endwall with combustor-turbine interface slot is studied. A baseline slot configuration is tested in a low speed four-blade cascade comprising a large-scale model of the GE-E³Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV). The slot has a forward expansion angle of 30 deg. to the endwall surface. The Reynolds number based on the axial chord and inlet velocity of the free-stream flow is 3.5 × 10⁵ and the testing is done in a four-blade cascade with low Mach number condition (0.1 at the inlet). The blowing ratio of the coolant through the interface gap varies from M = 0.1 to M = 0.3, while the blowing ratio varies from M = 0.7 to M = 1.3 for the endwall film cooling holes. The film-cooling effectiveness distributions are obtained using the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. The results show that with an increasing blowing ratio the film-cooling effectiveness increases on the endwall. As the incidence angle varies from i = +10 deg. to i = ?10 deg., at low blowing ratio, the averaged film-cooling effectiveness changes slightly near the leading edge suction side area. The case of i = +10 deg. has better film-cooling performance at the downstream part of this region where the axial chord is between 0.15 and 0.25. However, the disadvantage of positive incidence appears when the blowing ratio increases, especially at the upstream part of near suction side region where the axial chord is between 0 and 0.15. On the main passage endwall surface, as the incidence angle changes from i = +10 deg. to i = ?10 deg., the averaged film-cooling effectiveness changes slightly and the negative incidence appears to be more effective for the downstream part film cooling of the endwall surface where the axial chord is between 0.6 and 0.8.     

Improving film cooling performance by using one -inlet and double-outlet hole

The film cooling performance of a trunk-branch hole is investigated by numerical simulation in this paper. The geometry of the hole is a novel cooling concept, which controls the vortices-pair existing at the mink hole outlet using the injection of the branch hole. The trunk-branch holes require easily machinable round hole as compared to the shaped holes. The flow cases were considered at the blowing ratios of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. At the low blowing ratio of 0.5, the vortices-pair at the outlet of the trunk hole is reduced and the laterally coverage of the film is improved. At the high blowing ratio of 2.0, the vortices-pair is killed by the vortex which is produced by the injection of the branch hole. The flow rate of the two outlets becomes more significantly different when the blowing ratio increases from 0.75 to 2.0. The discharge coefficients increase 0.15 and the laterally averaged film effectiveness improve 0.2 as compared to the cylindrical holes. The optimal blowing ratios occur at M=1.0 or M= 1.5 according to the various locations downstream of the holes.     

Experimental flow field investigations of a film cooling hole featuring an orifice

This paper presents the flow field downstream of a film cooling hole geometry featuring orifice, referred to as nozzle hole, on a flat plate using PIV. The experiments were performed with blowing ratios from 0.5 to 2.0, density ratio of 1.0 and mainstream Reynolds number of 115,000. Velocity fields and vorticity fields of nozzle hole jet are compared with that of cylindrical hole jet. The results indicate that nozzle hole jet features double-decker vortices structure, resulting in vortices canceling out and significant reduction in CRVP strength. The streamwise vorticity of nozzle hole jet averages a drop of 55% at low blowing ratio 0.5 in comparison to cylindrical case. At high blowing ratio from 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0, the average drop is 30%–40%. A round jet bulk is observed to merge from the two legs of a typical kidney-shaped jet and the merged jet brings better coverage over the surface. In addition, it is found that CRVP strength might not have strong impact on jet lift-off but influences jet-mainstream mix characteristics.     

Influence of Turbulators in Blade Cooling Passages on Film Hole Discharge Coefficients

This paper details the results of a joint project between Rolls-Royce Deutschland (RRD) and the Northwestern Polytechnical University of China (NWPU). The objective of the project was the determination of the influence of tabulators in turbine blade cooling passages on film hole discharge coefficients (Cd coefficients). A large-scale plexiglas model was used by the NWPU to measure the turbulator influence on Cd coefficients for a wide range of different geometrical parameters, Reynolds numbers and cooling flow off take ratios. RRD specified the comprehensive test matrix and analysed the test data. The CFD code FLUENT was used by RRD for numerical simulation of the test cases with the main objective to support the interpretation of observed trends. Both, experimental and numerical results will be presented in this paper for a selection of test configurations.     

Leading edge film cooling enhancement for an inlet guide vane with fan-shaped holes

This paper describes the improvement of leading edge film cooling effectiveness for a turbine inlet guide vane by using fan-shaped film cooling holes. The modification details are presented in comparison with the base-line configuration of cylindrical holes. Numerical simulations were carried out for the base-line and modified configurations by using CFX, in which the κ-ε turbulence model and scalable wall function were chosen. Contours of adiabatic film cooling effectiveness on the blade surfaces and span-wise distributions of film cooling effectiveness downstream the rows of cooling holes interested for the different cooling configurations were compared and discussed. It is showed that with the use of fan-shaped cooling holes around the leading edge, the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness can be enhanced considerably. In comparison with the cylindrical film cooling holes, up to 40% coolant mass flow can be saved by using fan-shaped cooling holes to obtain the comparable film cooling effectiveness for the studied inlet guide vane.