基于改进量子粒子群算法的直流配电中心削峰填谷策略研究

直流配电系统具有供电质量高、系统稳定性好、利于可再生能源高比例接入等特点,其优化运行为典型的多目标优化问题。该文以国内首个五端柔性直流配电中心作为算例,考虑了直流配电中心所辖风光设备日运维成本与环境污染物惩罚成本的经济性模型。在考虑经济性的同时以直流配电中心最大日负荷曲线削峰填谷方差值最低为目标,建立了直流配电中心多目标优化模型。为有效求解该模型,提出了一种改进量子粒子群（QPSO）算法,有效提高了算法随机性和全局寻优能力,并将直流配电中心通过VSC换流器与IEEE33节点交流配电网互联构成柔性互联配电网。最后,通过算例潮流结果计算进一步分析验证了该策略的有效性。     

含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统的状态估计解耦迭代算法

针对以电压源换流器(Voltage Source Converter,VSC)为基础的新一代高压直流输电,推导了直流系统的数学模型,以状态估计为着眼点,建立了交直流混合系统的状态估计模型,并在此基础上提出了一种解耦迭代算法。该算法根据雅克比矩阵的特点,运用数学方法对交流子系统和直流子系统进行严格解耦,从而将交直流混合系统分为交流子系统和直流子系统2部分,实现了交、直流子系统的分开迭代求解。计算过程中未做任何假设,因此完整计及了交、直流子系统间的耦合性,算法精度高,同时该算法在编制程序时可以充分利用纯交流系统的状态估计程序,因此具有良好的继承性。IEEE 14、IEEE 30、IEEE 57节点测试系统的仿真结果表明了所提算法的有效性。     

基于B2B-MMC的含柔性变电站的高压配电网分层控制策略

传统高压配电网中变电站常采用单母线接线方式,通过母线分段开关改变母线运行,但这一方式为离散控制,难以实现连续准确调控潮流,故提出一种基于背靠背模块化多电平换流器（back-to-back modular multilevel converter,B2B-MMC）替代变电站主变母线分段开关的含柔性互联变电站的高压配电网分层控制策略,将站级控制与优化调度相结合。第一层控制协调上层控制,对主、从换流器进行功率分配和稳定直流电压,保证系统稳态运行;第二层控制以变压器负载率均衡为控制目标,提高设备利用率;第三层控制为优化调度控制,针对某高压配电系统以网损最小为优化目标,采用改进交替迭代法和粒子群算法求解换流器有功、无功出力,为下层控制提供调度指令,实现多个柔性互联变电站间的优化协同控制及系统潮流的主动调控,提升高压配电网运行可控水平。最后通过某地实际高压配电网验证所提控制方法的有效性和合理性。     

交直流混合电力系统快速潮流计算

针对交直流混合电力系统潮流算法计算量大、计算速度慢的缺点,提出一种基于广义特勒根定理的交直流混合电力系统快速潮流计算方法。该方法将修正方程的注入功率改为注入电流,得到基于统一迭代法的电流注入型潮流计算模型,该潮流模型既保留了统一迭代法的强收敛性,又降低了模型计算量。在此基础上,应用广义特勒根定理求解所建潮流模型,既减少修正方程求解量又提高了潮流求解速度。对22节点交直流混合电力系统进行仿真计算,仿真结果验证了该方法的正确性和快速性。     

含VSC-HVDC的交直流系统多目标最优潮流

摘要： 已有的多目标潮流优化模型和算法对含电压源换流器的高压直流输电（Voltage Source Converter Based High Voltage Direct Current, VSC-HVDC）不再适用。针对VSC-HVDC的特点,提出了以有功网损最小、电压水平最好（即电压的偏移量最小）、系统的静态电压稳定裕度最大及供电能力最大同时作为优化目标,从而构建了含VSC-HVDC的交直流系统多目标最优潮流模型;针对此模型连续变量和离散变量共存的特点,提出了内点法和NSGA2算法相结合的交替求解算法,可获得多个Pareto最优解,并具有较高的计算效率。最后通过仿真算例验证了所提方法的有效性和高效性。     

交直流混合配电网VSC与分布式电源三层协调规划方法研究

为了在规划中充分考虑交直流混合配电网的功率控制能力,文章考虑电压源换流器(Voltage Source Converter, VSC)与分布式电源(Distributed Generation, DG)之间的影响特性,以全社会综合效益最优为目标,建立交直流混合配电网VSC与DG三层协调规划模型:上层模型以直流改造和接入建设成本最小为目标进行VSC的选址定容;中层以DG规划成本最小为目标进行DG选址定容;下层以规划阶段整体综合运行成本最小为目标优化系统的运行状态。采用精英保留遗传算法以及二阶锥规划算法进行求解。算例结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

大规模风电经直流外送的区域输电能力计算

大型风电基地风电消纳的可行方案是跨区域直接送至负荷中心进行消化,由此产生大规模风电远距离输电的问题,进而对区域间最大输电能力(Total Transfer Capability,TTC)的计算提出新需求。针对大规模风电经直流外送的区域输电能力计算,结合风火打捆直流外送方式,建立了风电经直流外送的区域间TTC计算模型,并采用交直流交替迭代连续潮流算法进行求解。采用改进的IEEE 39节点系统进行测试,对大规模风电经交、直流2种外送方式下的TTC进行对比计算,并讨论了不同风电场出力情况及风火打捆比例对TTC的影响。结果表明:在既定网架结构下,需要协调考虑风火打捆比例和线路容量,在尽可能多地接纳风电的同时,使系统获得最大输电能力。     

中国首个五端柔性直流配电示范工程进入试运行

正2018年,国内首个中压五端柔性直流配电示范工程在贵州大学新校区试运行。该项目在国内率先实现了具备直流故障抑制能力混合式拓扑结构模块化多电平换流器的工程应用,建成了国内首个集10kV交流配电网、±10kV直流配电中心、380V交流微电网、±375V直流微电网、电动汽车充电站为一体的五端柔性互联交直流混合系统示范工程,国内首个集交直流配电网、交/直流微电网、配电自动化、需求侧管理、云计算等多学科技术为一体的直流配电中心。     

改进的Manchester连锁故障模型在交直流混联电力系统中的应用

针对现有的多种连锁故障分析方法中Manchester模型较符合电力系统实际情况,但却只包含快动态过程、未考虑高压直流输电系统的问题,通过加入直流输电线路的故障判断、交直流潮流计算和系统慢动态过程等环节,对原始Manchester连锁故障模型的计算流程进行了改进,使之适用于交直流混联电力系统,扩大了使用范围。算例分析结果表明,改进后的模型可用于判断多种元件突发故障情况下交直流混联电力系统的连锁故障模式和结果,可为连锁故障的预防和电力系统的安全运行提供参考依据。     

直流微电网故障限流特性分析

直流微电网系统拓扑复杂、工作模式繁多、电力电子集成度高及各类电力电子装置耐故障冲击电流能力弱,为系统故障的保护隔离带来了巨大挑战。通过分析直流微电网故障时的暂态特性,将故障过程分为4个阶段,并针对每个阶段对直流线路、VSC换流器及其电力电子器件的影响进行分析,为针对直流微电网的故障限流方案的配置原理提供依据。通过比较分析电感型限流器和电阻型超导限流器在直流微电网中的限流特性,得出电阻型超导故障限流器在满足直流微电网因多模式切换所需的高动态性能的同时,实现了对交直流线路及换流器内部电力电子器件的故障电流的快速抑制,从而降低直流微电网对直流断路器故障隔离的快速性和开断能力要求。通过分析限流器参数对限流特性的影响规律,为其参数选择提供依据。利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台对典型直流微电网短路故障及限流方案进行仿真测试,验证了直流微电网的故障特性和电阻型超导限流方法的优越性。     

Combined operation of DC isolated distribution and PV systems for supplying unbalanced AC loads

This paper describes a DC isolated network which is fed by distributed generation (DG) from photovoltaic (PV) renewable sources to supply unbalanced AC loads. The battery energy storage bank has been connected to the DC network via DC/DC converter called storage converter to control the network voltage and optimize the operation of the PV generation units. The PV units are connected to the DC network via its own DC/DC converter called PV converter to ensure the required power flow. The unbalanced AC loads are connected to the DC network via its own DC/AC converter called load converter without transformer. This paper proposes a novel control strategy for storage converter which has a DC voltage droop regulator. Also a novel control system based on Clarke and Park rotating frame has been proposed for load converters. In this paper, the proposed operation method is demonstrated by simulation of power transfer between PV units, unbalanced AC loads and battery units. The simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC software show that DC isolated distribution system including PV units can provide the balanced voltages to supply unbalanced AC loads.     

Impact of selection of DC base values and DC link control strategies on sequential AC-DC power-flow convergence

This paper demonstrates the convergence of the integrated AC-DC power-flow algorithm as affected by the selection of different base values for the DC quantities and adoption of different control strategies for the DC link. For power-flow modeling of integrated AC-DC systems, the base values of the various DC quantities can be defined in several ways, giving rise to different sets of per-unit system equations. It is observed that different per-unit system models affect the convergence of the power-flow algorithm differently. In a similar manner, the control strategy adopted for the DC link also affects the power-flow convergence. The sequential method is used to solve the DC variables in the Newton Raphson (NR) power flow model, where AC and DC systems are solved separately and are coupled by injecting an equivalent amount of real and reactive power at the terminal AC buses. Now, for a majority of the possible control strategies, the equivalent real and reactive power injections at the concerned buses can be computed a-priori and are independent of the NR iterative loop. However, for a few of the control strategies, the equivalent reactive power injections cannot be computed a-priori and need to be computed in every NR iteration. This affects the performance of the iterative process. Two different per-unit system models and six typical control strategies are taken into consideration. This is validated by numerous case studies conducted on the IEEE 118-bus and 300-bus test systems.     

Load flow analysis for variable speed offshore wind farms

A serial AC?DC integrated load flow algorithm for variable speed offshore wind farms is proposed. It divides the electrical system of a wind farm into several local networks, and different load flow methods are used for these local networks sequentially. This method is fast, more accurate, and many factors such as the different wind farm configurations, the control of wind turbines and the power losses of pulse width modulation converters are considered. The DC/DC converter model is proposed and integrated into load flow algorithm by modifying the Jacobian matrix. Two iterative methods are proposed and integrated into the load flow algorithm: one takes into account the control strategy of converters and the other considers the power losses of converters. In addition, different types of variable speed wind turbine systems with different control methods are investigated. Finally, the method is demonstrated using an 80-MW offshore wind farm.     

AC/DC power conversion interface for self-excited induction generator

A new AC/DC power conversion interface for the self-excited induction generator (SEIG) is proposed here. The proposed AC/DC conversion interface includes an excitation systemand a diode rectifier connected in parallel.The variable frequency AC power generated by the SEIG is converted into DC power by the diode rectifier.The DC power of the diode rectifier can charge a battery set and supply DC loads or be further converted into fixed-frequency AC power by an inverter for AC loads.The DC voltage is expected to be regulated in the above applications.The excitation system supplies an exciting reactive current to maintain the amplitude of the SEIG output voltage to be a constant value. Moreover, it can also serve as an active power filter to suppress the harmonic current generated by the diode rectifier. The excitation system is composed of an AC power capacitor and a power converter connected in series. The AC power capacitor is adapted to provide a basic reactive power, and it can also reduce the voltage rating and the capacity of the power converter. The salient point of the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface is that the capacity of the power converter in the AC/DC power conversion interface can be minimised, and the power loss of the AC/DC power conversion interface can also be reduced. A prototype is developed and tested to verify the performance of the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface.     

燃料电池功率调节系统的研究

燃料电池电压输出范围比较宽，电压比较低。针对该特点本文设计了DC/DC和DC/AC两级变换的功率调节系统(PCS)。其中DC/DC将燃料电池输出的低压直流电高频变换成高压直流电，变换器为电压单环控制。DC／AC逆变器采用基于电压电流瞬时值反馈的双闭环控制，将高压直流电逆变为正弦交流电。分析了整个功率调节系统的工作原理及逆变器电路参数对稳定性的影响。0．5KVA佯饥实验结果表明整个系统具有电压输入范围宽、变换效率高、输出波形THD小等优点。为开发高效、高功率密度的燃料电池电源系统提供技术基础。     

高压直流输电系统运行特性及故障影响的仿真研究

直流输电系统的暂稳态仿真对于电力系统研究规划和设计运行等起着重要的作用．为了能较好地反映扰动下交直流系统间的相互作用,在MATLAB／Simulink软件环境下,针对高压直流输电（HVDC）系统及其变换器建立了详细的模型,进行了系统的稳态、电流参考值突变和直流联络线上的故障仿真,给出了相应的仿真波形,分析了直流输电系统中交直流系统间和直流系统间的复杂动态特性,为进一步研究HVDC系统运行稳定性提供了依据和基础．     

Stressing of turbine-generator-exciter shafts by variable-frequencycurrents superimposed on DC currents in asynchronous HVDC links andfollowing disturbances at converter stations

Ripple currents on the DC side of both HVDC synchronous and asynchronous links together with cleared HVDC and AC system disturbances can excite in some circumstances onerous torsional vibrations in large steam generator shafts. The problem has assumed importance in recent months on account of the HVDC link between Scotland and Northern Ireland going ahead, on account of the proposed Eire/Wales link, and because AC/DC/AC couplers are to be installed extensively to interconnect the East and West European grid systems. This paper discusses and analyses excitation of shaft torsional vibrations in steam turbine-generator-exciter shafts in close proximity to HVDC power converter substations by: (i) variable-frequency ripple currents superimposed on the DC currents in asynchronous links; and (ii) disturbances at bi-polar converter stations. Detailed simulation of the HVDC converter and generator is necessary for precise assessments of shaft torsional response following HVDC converter station faults. 500 MW, 660 MW, 1000 MW and 1300 MW machines are considered in the analyses that are made     

Implementation of photovoltaic water pumping system with MPPT controls

To increase the output efficiency of a photovoltaic (PV) system, it is important to apply an efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. This paper describes the analysis, the design and the experimental implementation of the tracking methods for a stand-alone PV system, using two approaches. The first one is the constant voltage (CV) MPPT method based on the optimum voltage, which was deduced experimentally, and considered as a reference value to extract the optimum power. The second one is the increment conductance (Inc-Cond) MPPT method based on the calculation of the power derivative extracted by the installation. The output controller can adjust the duty ratio to the optimum value. This optimum duty ratio is the input of a DC/DC boost converter which feeds a set of Moto-pump via a DC/AC inverter. This paper presents the details of the two approaches implemented, based on the system performance characteristics. Contributions are made in several aspects of the system, including converter design, system simulation, controller programming, and experimental setup. The MPPT control algorithms implemented extract the maximum power point (MPP), with satisfactory performance and without steady-state oscillation. MATLAB/Simulink and dSpace DS1104 are used to conduct studies and implement algorithms. The two proposed methods have been validated by implementing the performance of the PV pumping systems installed on the roof of the research laboratory in INSAT Tunisia. Experimental results verify the feasibility and the improved functionality of the system.