压力降法定量计算SF_6气体泄漏率的修正

压力降法是一种计算GIS等气体绝缘设备的相对年泄漏率非常简便的方法,但方法本身所作近似计算可造成一定的误差。利用质量称量的方法统计了SF_6气体泄漏时质量下降的情况,通过实测数据和理论推导,分析了压力降法得到的SF_6气体相对年泄漏率比实际值偏小的原因,根据理想气体方程和SF_6气体状态方程,提出了一种泄漏率修正方法,并得到了修正系数的计算公式及其规律。结果表明,修正系数仅与泄漏前的压力有关,并且随着设备泄漏发生前的压力越小,所得修正系数越大,压力降法计算的SF_6气体相对年泄漏率误差越大。这种修正方法也适用于其他单一气体和复合气体相对年泄漏率的计算。     

质子交换膜燃料电池内电荷传递的数值模拟

为深入研究质子交换膜燃料电池内电荷传递的规律,发展了一个三维的单相流、非等温数学模型,模型考虑了电子在催化层和扩散层、质子在催化层和质子交换膜中的传递。通过计算得到了电池内电位和电流密度的空间分布,分析了不同电极结构参数下电流密度的分布和最终造成的性能差异。结果表明,欧姆电位的下降主要发生在膜相电位,而碳相电位的下降几乎可以忽略不计;电流密度在流道与集电极交界处出现＂火焰形＂累积效应;改变电池的结构对电池性能影响不大,应结合加工成本和电流密度分布综合考虑。     

质子交换膜燃料电池内部传热传质三维模拟

针对常规流场质子交换膜燃料电池提出了三维非等温数学模型。模型考虑了电化学反应动力学以及反应气体在流道和多孔介质内的流动和传递过程,详细研究了水在质子膜内的电渗和扩散作用。计算结果表明,反应气体传质的限制和质子膜内的水含量直接决定了电极局部电流密度的分布和电池输出性能;在电流密度大于0.3~0.4A/cm2时开始出现水从阳极到阴极侧的净迁移;高电流密度时膜厚度方向存在很大的温度梯度,这对膜内传递过程有较大影响。     

电塑性轧制中料坯加热过程的研究

用电流加热且在一个轧机机架中实现塑性变形的称电塑性轧制。此时 ,采用电接触 (直接 )加热 ,加热的数学模型在大多数情况下可以忽略料坯的导热性。然而在料坯运动速度较小的电塑性轧制中 ,料坯的导热性会对电加热有显著的影响。因此 ,该轧制过程中加热数学模型应该估计到料坯的导热性。文中构造了该过程的数学模型。利用本文所提出的数学模型可以计算沿料坯长度方向上的温度分布。文中举例进行了计算。计算结果表明 ,提高轧制速度会降低料坯进入变形区之前的温度 ,并且会提高变形区中通过料坯的电流密度。此外 ,提高轧制速度将明显增加电流…     

钛合金真空自耗熔炼过程中电场的数值模拟

采用有限元计算软件ANSYS建立钛合金真空自耗熔炼过程中坩埚内电磁搅拌的计算模型,通过电磁场计算模块对搅拌过程中熔炼的电流分布情况进行研究。研究结果表明:熔炼过程中所产生的电流主要分布于坩埚壁面上部、熔池表面和电极上,在坩埚及铸锭底部几乎没有电流的分布,电流从坩埚壁经熔池表面流回电极,在熔池表面呈典型的向心分布,电流密度最大值在铸锭与电弧区交界处,通过与实验数据对比从而验证了模拟的可靠性。     

合金凝固传热传质宏微观耦合数值研究及验证

建立了描述二元合金凝固的平面枝晶一维微观偏析数学模型,考虑溶质在固相中有限扩散,在液相中完全扩散。通过数值模拟,分析比较了A l-Cu和F e-C合金的微观偏析特性。同时,进一步将微观数值模型与宏观凝固实验的传热传质数学模型相耦合,实现了凝固宏微观复合尺度的全数值模拟。研究表明,数值计算结果与实验数据吻合良好,证明微观模型能较准确地反映微观质量传输并能可靠地与宏观相变传热传质模型相耦合。此外,从微观到宏观的计算结果都说明F e-C合金的凝固过程几乎接近平衡凝固。     

基于多重分形的SF6替代气体击穿特性研究

为探究干燥空气作为SF_6替代气体的可能性并深入理解短间隙气体放电流注的放电特性,搭建冲击电压放电试验平台,施加雷电冲击电压和快速暂态过电压,在极不均匀电场下探究干燥空气和SF_6气体的绝缘水平。为进一步研究流注形态特性受气体种类、电压极性等外界条件的影响,利用ICCD相机捕获二维流注图像分析了流注发展速度和流注通道长度的关系,并基于多重分形理论对流注整体形态的复杂性进行了解释。结果表明,在0.4MPa的气压下,干燥空气的脉冲击穿电压(V50%)满足24kV C-GIS的基本脉冲绝缘水平;在负极性下分形谱最大值相对较大,流注发展速度更快;与SF_6气体下的流注形态相比,空气下的流注形态的分形谱最大值较大,流注发展速度更快;多重分形谱谱宽不随外界条件变化而变化,说明流注光电离在二维图像空间分布上具有一定的相似性。     

SF_6气体湿度表示方法的相互转换及其温度折算的Matlab实现

SF_6气体湿度是衡量电气设备绝缘气体质量的重要指标之一。概述了气体湿度的几种表示方法和测试方法,重点强调了表示方法中露点(℃)与体积分数(μL/L)之间的关系,并通过Matlab实现二者的数学换算,利用Matlab二维插值拟合功能实现了气体湿度的温度修正,通过GUIDE建立了SF_6气体湿度测量结果修正的一键式计算软件。     

氢燃料汽车双向DC-DC变换器改进模型预测控制

双向交错并联DC-DC(BDC)变换器是氢燃料电池汽车实现供电可靠性和能量回收的重要设备,采用传统控制方法时BDC变换器面临着响应速度慢、稳定性不高、输出电流纹波大等问题,针对上述问题,本文采用一种带约束条件改进模型预测电流控制方法.该策略针对BDC变换器两种不同工作模式分别建立其数学模型,基于矢量工作原理搭建BDC变换器不同工作模式改进电流预测模型;然后针对模型预测控制过程开关抖动频繁的问题,对成本函数进行优化设计,约束条件中加入控制变量增量;为解决输出电流纹波问题,改进模型预测控制策略通过在线计算开关占空比,得出矢量作用时间,设计成本函数实现控制目标;实验和仿真对比结果显示传统电流控制方法响应时间和电流纹波分别为0.1 s和5 A,改进MPC模型预测控制响应时间和电流纹波分别为0.02 s和1.5 A,实验和仿真对比结果表明带约束条件模型预测电流控制具有更好的动态响应和稳定性能,验证该算法的有效性.     

直接液体甲醇燃料电池的数学模型

描述了一个用于模拟直接甲醇燃料电池特性的垂直于流道的二维数学模型。模型同时考虑了电化学动力学、水动力学和多组分传递。计算了电地内反应物浓度的分布、电流密度分布、甲醇窜流以及电压—电流特性曲线等。结果表明：集流板前的催化层内反应物浓度非常低；流道边缘附近电流密度比平均电流密度大许多倍。图5表l参9     

Enhancing under-rib mass transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells using new serpentine flow field designs

New flow field configurations are developed to improve the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The developed designs aim to uniformly distribute the reactants over the reaction area of the catalyst layer surface, boost the under-rib convection mass transport through the gas diffusion layer, decrease the water flooding effect in the gas diffusion layer-catalyst layer interface, and maintain the membrane water content within the required range to augment protonic conductivity. To evaluate the performance parameters of a PEMFC, a comprehensive three-dimensional, two-phase mathematical model has been developed. The model includes the charge transport, electrochemical reactions, mass conservation, momentum, energy, and water transport equations. The results signify that the improved flow field patterns attain a considerable boosting of the output power, the under-rib convection mass transport, improvement of the reactant distribution over the catalyst layer surface and decline of the liquid water saturation in the gas diffusion layer-catalyst layer interface. The developed configurations achieve a higher power density of 0.82 W/cm² at a current density of 1.74 A/cm², compared to the standard serpentine configuration, which attains about 0.67 W/cm² at a current density of 1.486 A/cm².Accordingly, the develop configurations demonstrate a 22.6% enhancement in power density.     

直流线路导线截面及分裂方式对电场效应的影响研究

通过分析直流输电线的电场效应,提出了选择直流导线的建议和原则。介绍了直流输电线的合成强度和离子流密度,并根据EPRI EL-2257法求出了不同导线在海拔1 000 m高度的合成强度和离子流密度;研究了它们和海拔高度的变化关系。通过分析,得出了选择直流输电线导线截面和分裂方式的一些原则,并提出了建议。     

Application of a two-phase flow model for natural convection in an electrochemical cell

A two-phase mathematical model is applied to natural convection in an electrochemical cell. The model solves transport equations for both phases with an allowance of interphase mass and momentum exchange. The effect of current density and bubble size on the gas release rate, velocity field and void fraction distribution are investigated in a range of parameter. The flow in the system was generated due to the density difference between gas and liquid phases. It is found that both current density and bubble size significantly affect the gas release rate and velocity field. At an intermediate current density two circulation patterns form at the vicinity of the free surface. The circulations rotating opposite directions enhance lateral diffusion of gas phase. The gas evolution is enhanced with higher current density and lower bubble diameters.     

湿度风速对直流合成电场和离子流密度的影响

随着高压直流输电工程的持续发展,电压等级的不断提高,直流输电线路特有的离子流场问题已变得日渐突出,成为线路环境评估的重要指标之一,也成为线路设计时的主要制约因素。为此,建立了特高压直流输电线路离子流场数值仿真模型,分析了环境湿度、风速对离子流场的影响规律。研究表明,环境的相对湿度从25%增大到85%,地面合成电场强度减小7.2%,地面离子流密度减小21.0%,湿度对地面合成场强的影响程度较小,而对地面离子流密度的影响程度相对较大;在风的作用下地面合成电场强度和地面离子流密度曲线均有明显的偏移,其迎风侧的峰值减小,背风侧的峰值增大,风速过大可能会使背风侧的地面合成电场强度超标。     

The impact of flow field pattern on concentration and performance in PEMFC

In this study, we present a rigorous mathematical model, to treat prediction and analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cells gas concentration and current density distribution in mass transfer area and chemical reaction area performed in 3‐D geometry. The model is based on the solution of the conservation equations of mass, momentum, species, and electric current in a fully integrated finite‐volume solver using the CFDRC commercial code. The influences of fuel cell performance with two kinds of flow channel pattern design are studied. The gas concentration of the straight flow pattern appears excessively non‐uniform, resulting in a local concentration polarization. On the other hand, the gas concentration is well distributed for the serpentine flow pattern, creating a better mass transfer phenomena. The performance curves (polarization curves) are also well correlated with experimental data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山火条件下特高压直流输电线路合成电场研究

特高压直流输电线路在山火中火焰高温、火焰高电导率、固体颗粒物等因素作用下,容易导致输电线路周围电场发生显著升高,从而引发输电线路跳闸。为此,建立了山火条件下特高压直流输电线路合成电场非线性数学模型,该数学模型能够准确计算输电线路走廊发生山火时是否会引发输电线路跳闸,并以云广特高压直流输电线路为例,采用Comsol软件,分析了山火条件、正常运行条件和饱和电晕条件下地面合成电场。算例计算结果表明,山火条件下地面合成电场可达到正常运行情况下的33.6倍以上。     

Effects of gas diffusion layer deformation on the transport phenomena and performance of PEM fuel cells with interdigitated flow fields

In this study, a three-dimensional, non-isothermal, two-phase flow mathematical model is developed and applied to investigate the effect of the GDL deformation on transport phenomena and performance of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells with interdigitated flow fields. The thickness and porosity of the GDL is decreased after compression, and the corresponding transport parameters (permeability, mass diffusivity, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity) are affected significantly. The alterations in geometry and transport parameters of the GDL are considered in the mathematical model. The oxygen concentration, temperature, liquid water saturation and volumetric current density distributions of PEM fuel cells without compression are investigated and then compared to the PEM fuel cells with various assembly forces. The numerical results show that the cell performance is considerably improved with increasing assembly forces. However, the pressure drops in the gas flow channels are also substantially increased. It is concluded that the assembly force should be as small as possible to decrease the parasitic losses with consideration of gas sealing concern.     

Steady-state performance of synchronous generators with AC and DCstator connections considering saturation

Synchronous generators with AC and DC stator connections are widely used in systems where simultaneous AC and DC power supplies are needed. For these systems the voltage harmonic distortion of AC voltage, DC voltage ripple and DC voltage varying range are of special interest. Because of the commutation of rectifier and the saturation of magnetic circuit, the accurate calculation of voltage harmonic distortion and DC voltage varying range is comparatively difficult. This paper describes a mathematical model on the basis of multiloop method and FEM, which aims at calculating the steady-state characteristics and the voltage waveforms of AC winding accurately. With this method, the full synergic effects of space harmonics resulting from the magnetic circuit geometry, saliency, saturation, winding layouts, and slotting are included. The calculated results are compared with those of experiments     

Analysis of photocurrent in the i-layer of GaAs-based n–i–p solar cell

A numerical investigation of the intrinsic layer effect on the improvement of GaAs n–i–p solar cell performances is presented. Solution of Poisson's equation together with continuity equations for electrons and holes allows the determination of carrier's density, electric field and recombination profiles within the i-layer. The analysis examines the effect of i-layer thickness on the electric field, recombination rate and collection efficiency. It is found that increasing the i-layer thickness increases the absorption while it reduces the electric field and increases the recombination rate. The three competing parameters have to be monitored simultaneously so as to obtain an optimal thickness. To achieve this, the variation of the total photocurrent is used as indicator. The photocurrent shows a sharp increase in the domain of very thin i-layers (<0.5 μm) then a saturation is reached for thicker layers (>1 μm), the simulation is performed for thicknesses up to 2 μm.     

基于Boltzmann方程的不同海拔条件下大气绝缘性能研究

随着海拔的升高,大气压强及空气密度的不断降低会对以空气为绝缘介质的电气外绝缘性能产生影响,从电子与气体分子碰撞反应的微观角度研究不同海拔环境下空气放电的物理本质,从Boltzmann方程的求解出发,采用两项近似理论算得空气放电中电子能量分布函数(EEDF),在此基础上得到电子的约化迁移率、约化扩散系数等输运参数及约化电离系数和约化吸附系数,通过约化有效电离系数为0时对应的电场强度,得到空气中电晕放电的临界起晕电场。结果表明,计算得到的临界起晕电场与已有试验结果吻合度很高,误差不超过3%。