管道截面突缩对爆轰波起爆特性的影响

为研究管道截面突缩对爆轰波起爆特性的影响,在突缩比为5∶3的截面突缩管道及直管内对不同初始压力下甲烷氧气预混气体的起爆特性进行了实验研究,利用离子探针获得管道内火焰传播速度,并通过二维数值模拟探究了3种不同突缩比的截面突缩管道内火焰及压力的传播特性.实验结果表明,截面突缩管道内爆轰波起爆距离随着初始压力的降低而逐渐增加,在初始压力20 kPa及15 kPa下截面突缩管道起爆距离分别较直管减小22%和19%;模拟结果显示压力波传播至截面突缩处由于截面的阻碍会形成回传压力波,暂时降低火焰传播速度,在火焰波经过截面突缩处之后,火焰传播速度迅速回升直至达到过爆状态.在引爆管长度为30~50 cm、直径在40~60 mm时,爆轰波起爆距离均先缩短后增加,所以在引爆管长度40 cm、直径50 mm附近存在一个最佳引爆管尺寸,能够最大限度缩短起爆距离.     

浓度梯度对T型管中爆轰波传播特性的影响

针对爆轰波在浓度梯度作用下衍射、熄爆到再起爆过程,基于开源软件OpenFOAM研究了两种不同混合气在3种不同浓度梯度下流场特征.结果表明:随着浓度梯度增大,横向爆轰波强度会减弱,爆轰波更易解耦.前导激波与浓度梯度相互作用会使爆轰波面发生弯曲,并且改变横向爆轰波和马赫杆的传播过程.对于稳定气体(H2/O2/Ar),爆轰波...     

超级爆震中火焰传播转爆轰现象的研究

模拟了一台高压缩比发动机下超级爆震的燃烧过程,分析火焰传播转爆轰(DDT)过程中压力如何影响末端混合气自燃,以及发生爆轰后的自维持过程．结果表明：压力是火焰传播作用于自燃并引发爆轰的主要原因,在短时间内经历压力波两次压缩,这不同于活塞压缩的原因在于这种压缩具有方向性．此外,维持爆轰需要压力波前新自燃点能量释放加速压力波,存在能量释放速度较压力波速度减小和增大两种自燃点状态,整个过程表现为：自燃释放压力波传递引发自燃状态1,压力波缓慢增强引发自燃状态2,自燃状态1下能量释放速度相对压力波速度减小,自燃状态2下能量释放速度相对压力波速度增大．     

等离子体点火对燃烧转爆轰影响的数值计算

采用CE/SE方法对耦合的流体力学方程与麦克斯韦方程求解,对等离子体点火和气液两相爆轰过程进行数值模拟.讨论了3种不同点火位置对燃烧转爆轰(DDT)的影响.结果表明,等离子体点火可以在短时间内点燃爆轰管内汽油/空气混合物,经过一系列复杂的波系与波系、波系与管壁之间的相互作用最终形成稳定的爆轰波.壁面点火比中心点火具有优...     

H_2O和N_2对CO预混燃气熄火特性的影响

针对以CO为主要可燃成分的低热值燃气,设计加工了平口烧嘴装置。在该装置上进行了CO与CH4预混熄火特性的对比实验;考察了H2O,N2对CO预混火焰熄火特性的影响。结果表明:与CH4相比,CO点火困难,稳定燃烧范围更窄;随着N2添加比的增大,熄火当量比逐渐增大;添加适当比例的H2O能够提高预混火焰的稳定性。采用CHEMKIN软件对在实验气体中添加不同比例H2O的层流火焰速度和敏感性系数进行了模拟计算,对比实验熄火特性曲线和层流火焰速度变化曲线,发现两者变化趋势相近,并且均在H2O的添加比例为3%~15%时出现极值点。     

生物柴油同分异构替代燃料丁酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯预混燃烧对比研究

在CO2/O2/Ar气氛下对生物柴油两种同分异构替代燃料丁酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯的预混燃烧（当量比为0.8）进行了对比研究,重点分析了生物柴油替代燃料的同分异构化对燃烧主要产物、稳定中间产物以及自由基的影响,同时揭示CO2对两种同分异构替代燃料燃烧的化学作用,给出了潜在典型污染物的生成趋势和规律。结果表明,CO2的加入对两种燃料中重要的烟黑前驱物C2H2和C3H3具有抑制作用。CO2的稀释和热作用对C2H2生成的抑制作用在丙酸乙酯火焰中更加显著,而对C3H3的抑制作用在丁酸甲酯火焰中更加明显,并且CO2的化学作用可进一步加强对两种火焰中C2H2和C3H3生成的抑制。同时,CO2的存在可有效降低两种燃料非常规污染物醛酮类产物的浓度,其中CH2O和CH3CHO的浓度在丙酸乙酯火焰中的减小更为显著。两种火焰中抑制CH2O生成的主要作用是CO2的稀释和热作用,而CO2的化学作用则是抑制CH3CHO生成的主导作用。由产物消耗速率分析得知,对丁酸甲酯消耗影响最大的化学反应是脱氢反应MB+H=H2+MB2J,而对丙酸乙酯消耗影响最大的则是分解反应EP=C2H5COOH+C2H4。     

热泵热水器用相变蓄热材料的性能研究

为选择最合适的蓄热材料用于蓄热型热泵热水器,对三水醋酸钠(CH3COONa.3H2O)和石蜡的蓄热性能进行比较。研究采用添加增稠剂和成核剂,防止三水醋酸钠(CH3COONa.3H2O)的过冷与相分离;在石蜡内添加膨胀石墨,复合相变材料的储(放)热时间比石蜡的大幅度减少。在复叠式热泵热水器中,以75%石蜡+25%膨胀石墨作为蓄热材料,其储热时间为152min,放热时间为20min。     

二甲醚/空气/稀释气层流燃烧特性研究

利用定容燃烧弹试验和数值模拟的方法分析了稀释气种类及掺混量对二甲醚-空气预混合气层流燃烧速度、绝热火焰温度和火焰结构的影响。结果显示:随稀释系数的增大,混合气的层流燃烧速度,绝热火焰温度逐渐减小;在相同的稀释系数条件下,稀释气对二甲醚层流燃烧特性的影响程度按照由氩气(Ar)、氮气(N2)、二氧化碳(CO2)的顺序依次增强;层流燃烧速度随绝热火焰温度的增大而增大,Ar和N2稀释时层流燃烧速度和绝热火焰温度的关系曲线基本重合,CO2稀释时曲线处在较低的位置;Ar和N2在二甲醚燃烧过程中主要通过稀释作用和吸热作用产生影响,而CO2除这两个作用之外,还会参加化学反应,从而进一步影响绝热火焰温度和火焰传播速度。     

船舶尾气臭氧氧化-海水吸收的脱硫脱硝新工艺研究

通过模拟试验研究了臭氧氧化结合海水吸收同时脱除船用发动机排气中SO2和NO2的新工艺.在管式反应器内研究了反应温度、n(O3)/n(NO)(物质的量之比)、碳氢、SO2等对臭氧氧化NO的影响,并对模拟尾气进行了臭氧氧化结合海水吸收的脱硫脱硝试验.结果表明,n(O3)/n(NO)对臭氧氧化NO影响很大,NO氧化率随n(O3)/n(NO)呈线性增长,n(O3)/n(NO)为1,反应温度分别为常温、150℃和200℃时,NO氧化率分别达到99.0%、98.3%和98.1%;反应温度低于200℃时,温度对臭氧氧化NO影响很小,而当反应温度升至275℃时,NO氧化率明显下降,这与臭氧在较高温度下分解有关;SO2在O3/NO/SO2/N2/O2体系和O3/NO/C2H4/SO2/N2/O2体系中对臭氧氧化NO都没有影响;200℃以下,C2H4对臭氧氧化NO影响很小,而在275 ℃时,C2H4对臭氧氧化NO有一定促进作用;模拟尾气经臭氧氧化-海水吸收后,脱硫率为98.5%,n(O3)/n(NO)为1时的脱硝率为91.05,NO能耗为56.4 g、(kW·h).     

N_2+H_2O稀释氢/空气混合气层流燃烧特性

氢内燃机废气再循环的主要成分是N2和H2O,探索N2+H2O稀释条件下的氢/空气混合气层流燃烧特性具有重要理论和实际应用.基于定容燃烧测试系统,采用分压法匹配混合气成分,试验研究了稀释条件下的氢/空气混合气层流燃烧特性.结果表明,稀释对于氢/空气混合气的火焰传播有显著的影响:已燃区温度、无拉伸火焰传播速率和氢/空气混合气层流燃烧速度随着稀释率的增加而显著下降;同时,随着稀释率的增大,火焰拉伸率和马克斯坦长度略微减小,火焰的稳定性有所下降.     

Factors affecting photocatalytic performance through the evolution of the properties due to the phase transition from NaBiO3·2H2O to BiO2–x

The phase transition process of a photocatalytic system from NaBiO₃·2H₂O to BiO_2–x has been investigated to understand the important factors that affect photocatalytic performance in a composite system. It is found that a proper amount of BiO_2–x on the surface of NaBiO₃·2H₂O could effectively suppress the electron/hole recombination and increase the exposed reactive sites for photocatalytic reaction. A fully covered BiO_2–x on NaBiO₃·2H₂O results in a dramatical decrease of photocatalytic degradation of dye. An over long hydrothermal process can result in BiO_2–x with reduced oxygen vacancies, which degrades the photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the photocatalytic reduction ability of CO₂ conversion has been investigated, indicating that the surface activity to different reactants also directly affects the catalytic performance. The investigation of the gradient phase transition process presents a clear guidance to construct a desired photocatalytic system, in addition to selecting gradient materials with suitable bandgap structure and a morphology with different fraction and distribution of each component. The defect evolution of each component during construction of a composite is also an important factor that should be optimized and considered in making a composite to achieve high photocatalytic efficiency.     

Optimal operation management of fuel cell/wind/photovoltaic power sources connected to distribution networks

In this paper a new multiobjective modified honey bee mating optimization (MHBMO) algorithm is presented to investigate the distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR) problem considering renewable energy sources (RESs) (photovoltaics, fuel cell and wind energy) connected to the distribution network. The objective functions of the problem to be minimized are the electrical active power losses, the voltage deviations, the total electrical energy costs and the total emissions of RESs and substations. During the optimization process, the proposed algorithm finds a set of non-dominated (Pareto) optimal solutions which are stored in an external memory called repository. Since the objective functions investigated are not the same, a fuzzy clustering algorithm is utilized to handle the size of the repository in the specified limits. Moreover, a fuzzy-based decision maker is adopted to select the ‘best’ compromised solution among the non-dominated optimal solutions of multiobjective optimization problem. In order to see the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, two standard distribution test systems are used as case studies.     

Electrochemical deposition of MnO2/PEDOT-PSS composite and its capacitance characteristics

通过电化学方法在泡沫镍基底上电沉积MnO2,然后在其表面原位电聚合导电高分子PEDOT-PSS,形成复合结构材料,并研究不同聚合时间包覆的导电高分子层对复合电极电化学性能的影响。采用拉曼光谱、扫描电镜和透射电子显微镜观察制备的复合材料电极的表面形貌与结构。通过电化学测试结果表明,电聚合10 s得到的PEDOT-PSS包覆的MnO2复合材料（P-MnO2-2）的比容量最高（346.5 F/g）,是MnO2电极（179.1 F/g）的1.9倍,在6 A/g大电流密度下仍具有223.5 F/g的比容量,且循环稳定性比较好。最后使用KOH凝胶固态电解液,组装成柔性对称型固态超级电容器点亮一个LED灯。     

SZS20-2.5/300-QT型快装锅炉的开发

结合SZS20-2.5/300- QT型燃气快装锅炉的研发过程,介绍了该型式锅炉的总体布置、性能参数及结构特点,实践证明,该型式锅炉运输方便,安装快捷,运行良好.     

发动机进排气系统稳流试验装置中LabWindows/CVI的应用研究

介绍了LabWindows/CVI虚拟仪器软件在发动机进排气系统稳流试验装置中的开发应用。着重阐述了该软件串行口通讯控制及其与Microsoft Excel2000之间的动态数据交换的实现。     

Electrochemical impedance studies of AB5-type hydrogen storage alloy

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was used to describe behavior of AB₅-type hydrogen storage alloy. Impedance investigations were performed during cyclic voltammetry measurement and charge/discharge cycles. The comprehensive interpretation of instantaneous impedance spectra obtained in potentiostatic mode allowed further to interpret impedance results in galvanostatic mode. Proposed methodology enabled to trace electrical parameters as a function of state of charge (SOC) and depth of discharge (DOD).     

Thermo-economic modeling of an indirectly coupled solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid power plant

Power generation using gas turbine (GT) power plants operating on the Brayton cycle suffers from low efficiencies, resulting in poor fuel to power conversion. A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is proposed for integration into a 10 MW gas turbine power plant, operating at 30% efficiency, in order to improve system efficiencies and economics. The SOFC system is indirectly coupled to the gas turbine power plant, paying careful attention to minimize the disruption to the GT operation. A thermo-economic model is developed for the hybrid power plant, and predicts an optimized power output of 20.6 MW at 49.9% efficiency. The model also predicts a break-even per-unit energy cost of USD 4.65 ¢ kWh⁻¹ for the hybrid system based on futuristic mass generation SOFC costs. This shows that SOFCs may be indirectly integrated into existing GT power systems to improve their thermodynamic and economic performance.     

Energy use, cost and CO2 emissions of electric cars

We examine efficiency, costs and greenhouse gas emissions of current and future electric cars (EV), including the impact from charging EV on electricity demand and infrastructure for generation and distribution.Uncoordinated charging would increase national peak load by 7% at 30% penetration rate of EV and household peak load by 54%, which may exceed the capacity of existing electricity distribution infrastructure. At 30% penetration of EV, off-peak charging would result in a 20% higher, more stable base load and no additional peak load at the national level and up to 7% higher peak load at the household level. Therefore, if off-peak charging is successfully introduced, electric driving need not require additional generation capacity, even in case of 100% switch to electric vehicles.GHG emissions from electric driving depend most on the fuel type (coal or natural gas) used in the generation of electricity for charging, and range between 0 g km⁻¹ (using renewables) and 155 g km⁻¹ (using electricity from an old coal-based plant). Based on the generation capacity projected for the Netherlands in 2015, electricity for EV charging would largely be generated using natural gas, emitting 35-77 g CO_2 eq km⁻¹.We find that total cost of ownership (TCO) of current EV are uncompetitive with regular cars and series hybrid cars by more than 800 € year⁻¹. TCO of future wheel motor PHEV may become competitive when batteries cost 400 € kWh⁻¹, even without tax incentives, as long as one battery pack can last for the lifespan of the vehicle. However, TCO of future battery powered cars is at least 25% higher than of series hybrid or regular cars. This cost gap remains unless cost of batteries drops to 150 € kWh⁻¹ in the future. Variations in driving cost from charging patterns have negligible influence on TCO.GHG abatement costs using plug-in hybrid cars are currently 400-1400 € tonne⁻¹ CO_2 eq and may come down to −100 to 300 € tonne⁻¹. Abatement cost using battery powered cars are currently above 1900 € tonne⁻¹ and are not projected to drop below 300-800 € tonne⁻¹.     

Status and research development of Si NWs/PEDOT∶PSS hybrid solar cells

硅基太阳电池作为当前主流的光伏器件,进一步降低成本并提升效率仍是人们努力的方向.基于此,一方面,可以从太阳电池材料入手,用硅纳米线阵列代替平板硅,硅纳米线阵列具有优异的光学和电学性能,可大幅减少光反射,增加光的吸收和利用,有望提高光伏器件的效率,并可降低硅原料消耗,降低材料成本;另一方面,将硅微纳结构与有机材料进行复合,充分利用两种材料的优势,制备杂化太阳电池,以达到增强稳定性,提高效率和降低成本的目的.本文概括了Si纳米线阵列SiNWs/PEDOT∶PSS杂化太阳电池的发展现状和存在的问题,并针对相应问题的解决思路和发展方向进行了讨论.     

Energy management of a fuel cell/ultracapacitor hybrid power system using an adaptive optimal-control method

Energy management of a fuel cell/ultracapacitor hybrid power system aims to optimize energy efficiency while satisfying the operational constraints. The current challenges include ensuring that the non-linear dynamics and energy management of a hybrid power system are consistent with state and input constraints imposed by operational limitations. This paper formulates the requirements for energy management of the hybrid power system as a constrained optimal-control problem, and then transforms the problem into an unconstrained form using the penalty-function method. Radial-basis-function networks are organized in an adaptive optimal-control algorithm to synthesize an optimal strategy for energy management. The obtained optimal strategy was verified in an electric vehicle powered by combining a fuel-cell system and an ultracapacitor bank. Driving-cycle tests were conducted to investigate the fuel consumption, fuel-cell peak power, and instantaneous rate of change in fuel-cell power. The results show that the energy efficiency of the electric vehicle is significantly improved relative to that without using the optimal strategy.