三维微肋螺旋管内R134a沸腾环状流区的传热与关联式

首次实验研究了制冷剂R134a在三维微肋螺旋管内流动沸腾环状流区的流动与传热性能。对流型的可视化观察发现：当质量流速大于100kg／(m^2s)时。螺旋管内才开始出现环状流。环状流的起始干度为0．3、0．4。在流型图上给出了环状流区与其它主要流型的分区。回归了实验环状流区的传热实验数据，得到的传热关联武计算值与实验值的平均绝对误差为9．1％。     

低温脉动热管气液两相流数值模拟

为了研究液氦温区下脉动热管流型演化及运行特性,采用氦为工质,基于多相流VOF方法建立了闭式环路结构低温脉动热管的三维数值模型,并对该模型进行了数值求解。研究了初始充液后管内气液分布情况,获得了不同时刻管内流型变化及温度分布。模拟结果显示:低温下脉动热管与常温脉动热管相似,也存在着泡状流、柱状流、环状流等流型的演变。当低温脉动热管稳定运行时,管内温度会随着时间进行周期性的脉动。从脉管内截面温度脉动的波形上看,蒸发段温度波动与冷凝段温度波动相位相差180°左右,而绝热段温度波动相位更接近蒸发段。与常温热管相比,低温液氦脉动热管温度波动幅度远远小于常温工况下的波动幅度。     

LNG绕管式换热器管侧冷凝流型数值模拟

为了对液化天然气(LNG)用绕管式换热器管侧冷凝流型变化进行预测,本文用数值模拟的方法建立了基于VOF多相流、RSM湍流模型和Lee相变模型的冷凝计算模型,模拟了管侧三股流的冷凝流型,结果表明天然气在超临界压力下冷凝,气液物性接近,流型均具有均匀混合的特性,可采用均相流方法来计算;预冷段和液化段轻烃混合冷剂的冷凝流型主要有雾状流、环状流和分层流,流速越大环状流占的比重越大。     

脉动热管的流型及流向分析

通过3种不同结构脉动热管的可视化实验,研究管内工质的流型和流向.运用实验研究的方法,加宽充液率和热负荷的变化范围,观察并分析不同流型的变化特征;另外,设计出有利于实现工质稳定循环流动的两种改进型脉动热管.实验结果表明:不同工作条件下脉动热管内会出现塞状流、混合流和环状流等不同流型,流型具有自适应传热量变化的特性;改变脉动热管流道的对称性和均衡性,以及毛细渐扩管道汽泡的微泵效应,有利于实现工质的稳定单向循环流动.     

基于小波和Elman神经网络的气液两相流流型识别方法

传统的流型识别方法仅可作为一种定性的流型识别方法。为了克服传统流型方法的不足,采用小波分析和El-man神经网络技术来实现气液两相流流型的智能识别,测量了水平管内气液两相流的压差波动信号,应用小波分析对流型的动态压差波动信号进行分析、提取特征,然后将小波能量作为Elman神经网络的输入,从而实现对流型的智能识别。实验结果证明,该方法能够很准确地识别出4种流型,并且具有很好的识别效果,从而为流型的在线识别提供了一种定量的流型识别方法。     

基于动态聚类算法的两相流流型识别方法研究

采集了水平管内气水两相层状流、搅拌流以及弹状流三种流型的差压信号,利用概率密度函数(PDF)方法对信号特征进行了分析,定义了反应PDF变化的四个特征参数,即,PDF波峰个数K1、PDF波峰峰值K2、PDF波峰位置K3以及PDF方差K4,然后利用动态聚类算法对三种流型进行了分类识别。结果表明,应用PDF结合动态聚类算法可以快速、准确的对气水两相流流型进行识别,这种方法是可行的。     

小管R134a两相流压降噪音与流型关系

两相流型的非可视化图形判断有着其应用需求。目前的方法有电容法和压降法,均在实验室研究阶段。本文以R134a为工质,研究了2 mm管径下泵驱回路两相流压降噪音与流型的关系。用高速摄像仪观察和记录石英玻璃管中两相流流型、用单片机采样系统对回路测量段进行压降高密度采样(1 kHz)。对各流型下的压降数据作快速傅里叶变换得到其压降频谱图,分析了压降噪音来源,并据此在特定条件下对流型进行初步区分。研究表明,波状流、间歇流、环状流在压降低频噪音及压降直流分量上表现出不同的特性,就给出相关的无量纲参数区分流型的可行性进行了讨论,为非可视化的两相流型在线判断提供了依据。但两相流型区分的普适性判据仍有待深入研究。     

基于ＩＣＥＥＭＤＡＮ 和ＳＶＭ 的起伏振动气液两相流流型识别

针对起伏振动条件下气液两相流压差信号过于复杂难以识别的问题,提出一种基于改进的自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解(ICEEMDAN)与支持向量机（SVM）相结合的流型识别方法。采用ICEEMDAN对小波去噪后的压差信号进行模式分解,通过求取的各本征模态函数（IMF）与原始信号进行斯皮尔曼相关系数计算,选取相关系数较大的IMF分量进行希尔伯特变换,对变换后各IMF分量的瞬时幅度进行能量熵、奇异谱熵、功率谱熵的计算,构成特征向量,带入到支持向量机中进行流型识别。结果表明：该方法能够有效识别起伏振动状态下的泡状流、弹状流、搅混流、环状流,识别准确率可达95%。     

水平微细管内CO2流动沸腾流态研究

针对CO_2水平微细管内流动沸腾换热流态及流态转变特性进行实验研究。实验工况:热流密度(5~35 k W/m~2)、质量流率(50~600 kg/(m~2·s))、饱和温度(-40~0℃)、管径(0.5~1.5 mm)。实验表明:CO_2在微细管内实际流态分别是泡状流、弹状流、间歇流、层流、波状流、混状流、环状流和雾状流;干涸过程中的流态主要为环状流-雾状流、波状流-雾状流的过程及不稳定的环状流;通过理论计算获得CO_2微细管内流动沸腾换热流态图,流态图显示热流密度对高干度区域流态转变有显著影响,质量流率大小直接决定了换热过程所经历的流态;不同饱和温度工质热物性不同改变了流型;理论分析所采用的流态形式与实际CO2在微细管内所具有的流态类型基本一致。     

脉动热管流型的电容层析成像识别及热管换热特性

结合高速摄像和电容层析成像技术,对脉动热管进行了可视化测量研究.从流型和流向两方面分析了脉动热管的运行机理和传热特性.根据受力分析对脉动热管的结构进行了改进.结果表明:脉动热管存在3种不同流型,即塞状流、环状流以及两者共存的混合流,其对应的影响因素、运行特性与传热强度也不同;从流动方向来看,脉动热管内工质的流动可分为脉动流和循环流;对脉动热管的改进说明改变脉动热管流道的对称性和均衡性有利于循环流的形成和维持.     

Experimental Study of Flow Patterns and Improved Configurations for Pulsating Heat Pipes

A series of experiments were performed on three types of closed loop pulsating heat pipes(PHPs),intending toinvestigate various kinds of flow patterns,and to develop some improved configurations for the PHPs.Opticalvisualization results indicated that there might exist three flow patterns,i.e.bubble-liquid slug flow,semi-annularflow and annular flow,corresponding to different working conditions.For a given geometry and an adequate fillratio,the PHPs had the self-adjusting characteristic for the flow patterns(from slug flow to semi-annular and thento annular flow)to meet the demands of the increasing heat input.Two special configurations,one with alter-nately varying channel diameter,the other equipped with one section of thicker tube,were found to be advanta-geous in establishing and maintaining reliable circulation of the working fluid.The thermal performance of thePHPs was examined over a range of working conditions.Comparing with the normal PHP with uniform diameter,either of the improved PHPs exhibited higher thermal performance.     

固气比对超浓相煤粉气力输送流型影响的模拟

针对目前密相气力输送数值模拟过程中所存在的关键问题,提出了一种描述固相内部相互作用对颗粒运动影响的数学模型。该模型建立在离散颗粒模型的基础上,使其既能够模拟悬浮流动的稀相颗粒运动,又能模拟管内出现堆积情况的超浓相气固两相流。利用所建立的数学模型对高压超浓相煤粉气力输送的颗粒流动过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果揭示了典型的栓塞流、沙丘流等流型特征及其流型随固气比的演变规律,并结合实验进行了验证。管道输送栓塞流波动性较为明显,波动频率向高频转化;平均栓塞长度随着进料固气比增大而增大。     

Two-phase flow pattern in small diameter tubes with the presence of horizontal return bend

This study provides a qualitatively visual observation of the two-phase flow patterns for air-water mixtures inside 6.9, 4.95, and 3 mm smooth diameter tubes with the presence of horizontal return bend. The influence of the return bend on the two-phase flow patterns are investigated. For D=6.9 mm and at a mass flux of 50 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ having a quality less than 0.1, no influence on the flow patterns is seen at a larger curvature ratio of 7.1. However, were the curvature ratio reduced to 3, the flow pattern in the recovery region is temporarily turned from stratified flow into annular flow. The temporary flow pattern transition phenomenon from stratified flow to annular flow is not so pronounced with the decrease of tube diameter. It is likely that this phenomenon is related to the influence of surface tension and the reduction of developing length of the swirl flow. Based on the present flow visualization, three flow pattern maps are proposed to describe the effect of return bend on the transition of two-phase flow pattern.     

Simulation of horizontal slug-flow pneumatic conveying with kinetic theory

Wavelike slug-flow is a representative flow type in horizontal pneumatic conveying. Kinetic theory was introduced to establish a 3D kinetic numerical model for wavelike slug gas-solid flow in this paper. Wavelike motion of particulate slugs in horizontal pipes was numerically investigated. The formation and motion process of slugs and settled layer were simulated. The characteristics of the flow, such as pressure drop, air velocity distribution, slug length and settled layer thickness, and the detailed changing characteristics of slug length and settled layer thickness with air velocity were obtained. The results indicate that kinetic theory can represent the physical characteristics of the non-suspension dense phase flow of wavelike slug pneumatic conveying. The experiment in this paper introduced a new idea for the numerical calculation of slug-flow pneumatic conveying. Translated from Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2006, 27(1): 75–78 [译自: 工程热物理学报]     

Heat transfer and flow characteristics of flow boiling of CO2‐oil mixtures in horizontal smooth and micro‐fin tubes

Experiments were carried out on the flow pattern, heat transfer, and pressure drop of flow boiling of pure CO₂ and CO₂‐oil mixtures in horizontal smooth and micro‐fin tubes. The smooth tube is a stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 3.76 mm. The micro‐fin tube is a copper tube with a mean inner diameter of 3.75 mm. The experiments were carried out at mass velocities from 100 to 500 kg/(m²·s), saturation temperature of 10 °C, and the circulation ratio of lubricating oil (PAG) was from 0 to 1.0 mass%. Flow pattern observations mainly showed slug and wavy flow for the smooth tube, but annular flow for the micro‐fin tube. Compared with the flow patterns in the case of pure CO₂, an increase in frequency of slug occurrence in the slug flow region, and a decrease in the quantity of liquid at the top of the tube in the annular flow region were observed in the case of CO₂‐oil mixtures. With pure CO₂, the flow boiling heat transfer was dominated by nucleate boiling in the low vapor quality region, and the heat transfer coefficients for the micro‐fin tube were higher than those of the smooth tube. With CO₂‐oil mixtures, the flow boiling heat transfer was dominated by convective evaporation, especially in the high vapor quality region. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient decreased significantly when the oil circulation ratio was larger than 0.1 mass%. For the pressure drop characteristics, in the case of pure CO₂, the homogeneous flow model agreed with the experimental results within ±30% for the smooth tube. The pressure drops of the micro‐fin tube were 0–70% higher than those predicted with the homogeneous flow model, and the pressure drops increased for the high oil circulation ratio and high vapor quality conditions. The increases in the pressure drops were considered to be due to the increase in the thickness of the oil film and the decrease in the effective flow cross‐sectional area. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20287     

Experimental analysis of the unit cell approach for two-phase flow dynamics in curved flow channels

Flow behavior of gas–liquid mixtures in thin channels has become increasingly important as a result of miniaturization of fluid and thermal systems. The present empirical study investigates the use of the unit cell or periodic boundary approach commonly used in two-phase flows. This work examines the flow patterns formed in small tube diameter (<3 mm) and curved geometry flow systems for air–water mixtures at standard conditions. Liquid and gas superficial velocities were varied from 0.1 to 7.0 (～±0.01) m/s and 0.03 to 14 (～±0.2) m/s for air and water respectively to determine the flow pattern formed in three geometries and dispersed bubble, plug, slug and annular flow patterns are reported using high-frame rate videography. Flow patterns formed were plotted on the generalized two-phase flow pattern map to interpret the effect of channel size and curvature on the flow regime boundaries. Relative to a straight a channel, it is shown that a ‘C shaped’ channel that causes a directional change in the flow induces chaotic advection and increases phase interaction to enhance gas bubble or liquid slug break-up thus altering the boundaries between the dispersed bubble and plug/slug flow regimes as well as between the annular and plug/slug flow regimes.     

Two-phase flow instability for boiling in a microchannel heat sink

The present study explores experimentally the two-phase flow instability in a microchannel heat sink with 15 parallel microchannels. The hydraulic diameter for each channel is 86.3 μm. Flow boiling in the present microchannel heat sink demonstrates significantly different two-phase flow patterns under stable or unstable conditions. For the stable cases bubble nucleation, slug flow and slug or annular flows appear sequentially in the flow direction. On the other hand, forward or reversed slug/annular flows appear alternatively in every channel. Moreover, the length of bubble slug may oscillate for unstable cases with reversed flow demonstrating the suppressing effect of pressure field for bubble growth. It is found that the magnitude of pressure drop oscillations may be used as an index for the appearance of reversed flow. A stability map on the plane of inlet subcooling number versus phase change number is established. A very narrow region for stable two-phase flow or mild two-phase flow oscillations is present near the line of zero exit quality.     

Experimental study for the stratified to slug flow regime transition mechanism of gas-oil two-phase flow in horizontal pipe

Theoretical relations that predict the transition from a stratified pattern to a slug pattern, including a onedimensional wave model that contains less empiricism than the commonly used Taitel-Dukler model, and the ideal model for stratified flow for the gas-liquid flow in horizontal pipes are presented. Superficial velocities of each phase, as the onset of slugging occurs, were predicted, and theoretical analysis was conducted on the stratified to slug flow regime transition. The friction, existing between the fluid and pipe wall, and on the interface of two phases, was especially taken into account. A theoretical model was applied to an experiment about air-oil two-phase flow in a 50 mm horizontal pipe. The effect of pipe diameter on the transition was also studied. The results show that this approach gives a reasonable prediction over the whole range of flow rates, and better agreement has been achieved between predicted and measured critical parameters. __________ Translated from Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2006, 40(10): 1782–1785, 1789 [译自: 上海交通大学学报]