推动能源生产和消费革命五大要点

正第一,推动能源消费革命,抑制不合理能源消费。第四,推动能源体制革命,打通能源发展快车道。第二,推动能源供给革命,建立多元供应体系。第五,全方位加强国际合作,实现开放条件下能源安全。第三,推动能源技术革命,带动产业升级。     

赤手凿墙便是意义

在《草色连云》的自序里,高尔泰说,“我这辈子,和沙漠有缘。青年夹边沟,中年敦煌,晚年拉斯维加斯。”寥寥只字背后。是几十年的漂泊与流徙,是无法掌控的命运与无常。是不断追寻意义的时光之旅。回忆几十年的人生,他说,“除了活着,还有更多。更多之一,是意义的追寻,化作了文字。早年冒这个险。是因为心灵的需要。窒息感迫使我用手指在墙上挖洞。以透一点新鲜的空气。空虚感迫使我盗窃公产,想偷回一点儿被夺去的自我。”其中况味,令人嘘唏。     

树起节能大旗 彰显社会责任——百色企业节能扫描

能源是国民经济发展的动力支撑。节能关系经济社会可持续发展,是深入贯彻落实科学发展观的具体行动。近年来,国家制定了一系列促进节能的政策措施。我区结合实际,也出台了一些相关规定,并采取了一些有力措施,取得了较好的成效。但是,随着经济社会发展,我区能源供应将     

开卷寄语

＂梦想＂带给人多少遐思,多少憧憬,多少激情。 我们是一群有梦想的人。 《内燃机与动力装置》承载着我们共同的梦想。自1984年创刊,我们共同走过了29个不平凡的春华秋实。一路走来,我们坚定不移,矢志不渝。有辉煌,也有坎坷。在成败交替中,我们逐渐成长。《内燃机与动力装置》三易其名,由半年刊改为季刊,再改版为双月刊，也由最初的内部发行刊物发展成为面向全国发行的，在国内有一定影响力的行业学术刊物。     

扩张主业 延伸产业链——百色能源企业过“冬”小记

正春节期间,亲戚朋友聚一起,家长里短,谈国家变化、城市发展、个人收入。"我在这里工作5年了,每年工资总量都在涨,粗略计算,一年平均涨6000元左右。"在百色一家能源企业的李先生幸福地晒起收入。大家羡慕不已。李先生说,整个"煤炭黄金十年终结",而自己的工资不减反升,自然首先得集团公司赚钱。在百色,百色百矿集团是能源企业的代表。2月8日,记者深入百色百矿集团。首先一组数据让人惊     

车企驶向“新能源”

尽管新能源汽车产业路径等问题仍然争论不断。但实际上,各地政府、企业都厉兵秣马。不同点在于,有人高调出征,有人低调践行,有人高昂奋进,有人谨慎前行。在这个问题上,凡是看重中国市场的,不分中外:都在行动。     

马的精神

正中国人对马有很深的感情。我们喜欢它,因为它忠诚,因为它善解人意,更因为它有箭一般的速度。甲午年,又是一个马年。中国人对马有很深的感情。我们喜欢它,因为它忠诚,因为它善解人意,更因为它有箭一般的速度。在人们眼中,马,具有充沛的体能,它会向着目标不知疲倦地奔驰。因此,马的这种精神也经常被用来鼓舞人们在工作中和做事时不断奋进。在节能减排工作中,同样需要这种马的精神。刚刚来到的这个马年,对节能减排工作至关重要。因为这一年已经进入到了"十二五"的第四个年头,这一年的工作也许就会决定"十二五"节能减排目标的完成情况。经过三年的努力,我们的工作已经完成过半,同时,三年的努力也带给了我们疲倦与懈怠。是放松休息一下,还是咬紧牙关坚持?在这个关键时刻,我们最需要的就是不达目标决不停下的马的     

企业家论坛(一):投融资论坛

胡国栋(中国大唐集团新能源股份有限公司副总经理)2013年,大唐新能源累计装机容量达到600万千瓦,资金的80%都来自贷款,主要来自国内几大银行。从发展来看,贷款对我们的制约并不是特别大的问题,主要是股权融资这块。由于这几年限电,造成项目的经营效益有所下滑。市场表现不是特别理想,融资达不到要求,这方面的压力比较大。今后可能重点在股权融资方面做一些工作。实际上,在融资方面我们采取了很多措施,除了股权融资,还与保险基金、私募基金合作,集团还成立了融资租赁公司。因为在香港上市,所以在融资方面也想利用香港平台,从国际上获得更多资金。     

业界声音

2015年,中国运行41个核反应堆。现在我们核电运行没有韩国多,韩国电价比我们有竞争力,原因是他们核电比例比较高。以广东为例,除了水电以外,广东核电4毛3一度,广东火电每度4毛8,比核电贵5分钱,太阳能每度一块钱。所以说,核电是降低电价的重要因素,是非常育竞争力的电价。但是,由于核电安全性受到质疑,对很多国家产生很大影响。     

如何破解土壤污染治理海量资金问题

2014年4月,环保部公布的《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》显示：全国土壤总点位超标率为16.1%,土壤环境状况不容乐观。为做好土壤污染治理顶层设计,加快推进土壤污染治理,环保部正加紧制定《土壤污染防治行动计划》。然而,土壤污染治理不同于水污染与空气污染治理,治理难度大、周期长、成本十分昂贵,动辄上亿元,若完成全国污染土地治理,所需资金将超过百万亿元。面对巨额的资金投入,单靠政府财政补贴,实在是杯水车薪。如何破解海量资金问题,成为土壤污染治理能否持续推进的关键所在。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.