水电站引水发电隧洞上平管段支护优化研究

采用ANSYS软件对引水发电隧洞上平管段洞室开挖支护和运行荷载条件下的变形和应力进行了二维有限元计算,根据计算结果分析了不同荷载组合对洞室围岩稳定性的影响,并提出了相应的优化支护方案,对设计和施工具有一定的参考价值.     

考虑围岩稳定性评价的引水隧洞施工过程仿真系统

根据施工过程中的围岩稳定情况确定出合理的施工进尺并实时可视化评价结构安全状况具有重要的工程意义。首先利用BIM建模软件建立三维基础模型,通过对建模软件进行二次开发并结合系统仿真原理得到引水隧洞施工进度;其次将几何模型转换为数值计算模型并建立进度数据库与引水隧洞数值模型之间的映射关系,通过有限元分析围压系统的安全状况,根据不同进尺下的进度计算及围岩稳定分析结果,合理选择施工进尺;最后基于Python+VB.net混合编程技术编制了引水隧洞施工进度与围岩稳定安全仿真系统。工程应用表明,该系统将隧洞施工进度、支护体系与围岩稳定性进行结合,可为合理制定施工计划及施工现场控制提供可视化技术及数据支持。     

洞室围岩应力及破坏模式分析

以大山口水电站引水隧道为例,基于开挖卸荷理论,以径向应力卸荷量作为开挖卸荷分区,通过FLAC3D 中fish语言模拟洞室开挖动态卸荷,计算了开挖围岩第一、第三主应力变化规律,基于卸荷应力分析,采用单元安全系数下降百分比描述围岩可能破坏形式,不同的等值线能较好地对应于3种不同破坏模式,对预测洞室开挖后可能的破坏模式有一定参考价值.     

隧洞开挖引起地下水运动的子模型法数值模拟

基于ANSYS的APDL的二次开发,采用子模型技术处理隧洞开挖后形成的自由面.并以九里湾隧洞为例,分析了隧洞开挖后,隧洞周围孔隙水压力、渗流场流动矢量等分布特征.结果表明,在洞室开挖后形成的自由面所有节点中,洞室的四个角点处的水力梯度较大,其中边墙与顶拱的交叉处节点及边墙在底板稍往上节点处的水力梯度最大,顶拱自由面节点的平均水力梯度最小,为隧洞开挖的排水设计提供了理论依据.     

石英云母片岩时效特性及流变参数反分析

某水电站引水隧洞围岩主要为石英云母片岩,具有显著的蠕变特性。结合该水电站试验洞洞壁位移监测结果,分析了洞室开挖后围岩的时空效应,基于位移反分析法,利用自编神经网络计算程序对幂律型流变模型参数A、n、m进行反演,并将获得的测线位移计算值与实测值相对比,以分析参数的合理性。结果表明,洞壁两侧变形最大,边墙次之,顶拱变形最小;反演得到A为6.687 6×10-17、n为1.967 1、m为-0.918 5,且位移计算值与实测值具有较高的吻合度,表明反演参数合理可靠。最后结合流变参数的反演结果,对该工程调压井开挖后支护时间进行探究,研究发现在洞室开挖15d后进行支护是合理的。     

深埋节理岩体隧洞开挖与支护的3DEC模拟

针对埋深大、结构面复杂的隧洞稳定性及支护效果,应用离散元法对建立的节理岩体隧洞模型分别模拟隧洞开挖与支护后的隧洞围岩应力及位移变化。结果表明,隧洞开挖后围岩变形稍大,并需考虑地下水对隧洞围岩的影响,需对隧洞进行支护处理;支护后的隧洞围岩位移变形减小,围岩稳定性得到增强。     

发电引水隧洞衬砌的有限元分析实例

对于引水隧洞的衬砌计算,一般多采用结构力学程序法计算.当洞室围岩达到三类时,考虑围岩和衬砌的整体承载作用,采用有限元方法计算衬砌结构,所得的配筋率降低较多,投资效益显著.本计算方法有待在实践经验的基础上进一步完善修正.     

大山口引水隧洞开挖与支护的数值分析

基于开挖施工过程,分析计算了开挖卸荷和支护后围岩位移工况及应力分布,并采用有限差分软件FLAC3D对围岩的位移与应力进行了比较,综合评价了洞室在开挖支护后的稳定性.结果表明,开挖卸荷未支护条件下围岩稳定性较差,可能影响开挖施工,及时采取支护措施后围岩的位移场和应力场可得到改善,稳定性提高.可为设计和施工支护提供参考.     

基于离散元法的圆型、城门洞型洞室岩爆现象模拟

针对深埋地下隧洞工程开挖过程中岩爆的破坏机理问题,以齐热哈塔尔水电站的引水隧洞中发生的岩爆现象为例,以室内试验为基础,建立圆型与城门洞型洞室的二维离散元模型,对比分析不同断面形状下岩爆现象的发生情况,探究岩爆的破坏机理。结果表明,不同开挖形状的洞室在岩爆破坏形式及位置上存在一定差别;侧压力系数对洞室开挖后的应力集中区域有较大影响,岩爆破坏随侧压力系数的增大趋于严重;圆型洞室发生岩爆破坏时所需应力较小,相对于城门洞型洞室更稳定;城门洞型洞室在边墙与底板交接处存在易发生岩爆的相对薄弱区,施工时需对其进行加固处理。     

水工地下隧洞在地震荷载作用下的动力特性分析

应用土与结构动力相互作用理论,基于ANSYS软件建立了围岩-水工地下隧洞结构非线性动力相互作用的有限元分析模型,采用整体有限元分析方法对隧洞衬砌结构进行了地震时程反应的数值分析.分析了衬砌弹模、围岩类别以及地震波频率对洞室位移和应力响应的影响.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.