电弧炉的供电控制

ABB公司最近研制成功的大功率连续可控的半导体装置——电压源逆变器 (VSC)采用了 IGBT功率元件。该装置的主要用途是作为交流电弧炉和直流电弧炉的电压闪变补偿器 ,其补偿功率范围从 10 MVA到 10 0 MVA。该补偿器具有高超的动态性能 ,特别适合用于短路容量小的供电系统 ,作为重工业负荷的电压闪变补偿装置电弧炉的供电控制@花皑     

炼钢电弧炉引起的电压波动闪变及其抑制措施

本文叙述炼钢电弧炉引起的电压波动、闪变模式、限值和通常采取的抑制措施。文中详细地介绍了国际电工委员会和各国（包括我国）标准有关电压波动、闪变限值规定。在抑制措施中，提出了我国近年来采用ＳＶＣ（静止型无功功率补偿装置）来改善闪变中一些值得注意的问题，并例举了不少交流电弧炉闪变抑制的测定。     

冶金企业供电系统电压波动的动态补偿

介绍了冶金企业中炼钢电弧炉用静止式电压波动动态补偿装置的方案选择，工作原理，线路结构及这站偿容量的计算方法，给出了计算实例。     

基于TCR_TSC的电弧炉无功补偿仿真研究

由于电弧炉在运行过程中的功率因数低,无功功率波动急剧,负载变化大,产生大量的高次谐波电流,电压畸变,对电网产生不利影响,严重影响电能质量,造成大量的能量消耗,同时影响工业产量和质量。通过对电弧炉运行时的电气特性进行分析,采用TCR_TSC型SVC协调控制的补偿方法对无功进行补偿,滤除谐波。MATLAB/ Simulink仿真结果表明该装置滤波效果良好。     

无污染的新型电弧炉

意大利丹涅利钢铁公司环保部介绍该公司新开发的对环境无污染的新型电弧炉系列,1)高阻抗电弧炉,即在变压器一次侧串入高阻抗电抗器,实行长弧冶炼,电流冲击降低20％～25％,加上采用无功功率动态补偿装置,对电网的电压波动降低30％～35％。     

微机在电热设备电磁兼容上的应用

交、直流电弧炉和晶闸管整流、变频、调压、调功装置产生的高次谐波，电弧炉和工频感应装置导致的负序电流和负序电压以及电弧炉产生的电压波动和闪变已严重影响到供电电网的正常运行。本文主要叙述电热设备电磁兼容（谐波、负序和闪变等）的有关数学模式以及作者用自行开发的电磁兼容软件在国内实际应用事例。     

美国纽柯公司安装北美最大容量的SVC装置

美国纽柯公司克利夫兰钢厂最近向西门子公司订购三套静止式无功功率动态补偿装置(SVC)。以替代原有的较小容量SVC装置。该装置主要用于补偿电弧炉及轧钢机无功功率,以及抑制电压闪变。该钢厂年产180万t钢材。安装新SVC装置的目的是为了提高供电质量、增加用电设备的有功功率,因而缩短了冶炼时间,提高了生产率。该补偿装置于2003年夏季投入运行。美国纽柯公司安装北美最大容量的SVC装置@花皑     

炼钢电弧炉的运行特性与电压闪变抑制

对炼钢电弧炉电压波动与电压闪变这一主要干扰进行了定性分析,详细地介绍了几种抑制方法,指出SVC是现阶段抑制其不利影响的实际应用最广、最有效和最经济的措施之一。还对配电用静止补偿器与有源滤波器作了概述,以形成一个对电弧炉电压闪变等干扰进行综合补偿的完整概念。     

SVC在交流电弧炉上的仿真应用研究

针对某一具备电弧炉的钢铁生产企业的供电系统,分析了交流电弧炉在运行中对电力系统电能质量的影响,并结合理论分析出所存在的电能质量问题,提出装设动态无功补偿装置（SVC）来改善电能质量的技术方案。最后利用仿真软件CHP对该系统进行了仿真,结果表明该SVC装置能够对电弧炉引起的电能质量问题进行有效治理,且补偿性能良好。     

电弧炉——电网的负载

电弧炉在钢铁工业中的应用日益广泛,人们必然就要考虑它在电力系统中的一系列重要问题。本文则从使用角度出发,首先介绍了电弧炉的一般特点,然后详细分析了它的电力电路、有效功率和无功功率、它在电网中的常规连接法、电压波动和正常电压降、无功功率补偿以及同电网共振有关的谐波电流诸问题。     

UPFC setting to avoid active power flow loop considering wind power uncertainty

The active power loop flow (APLF) may be caused by impropriate network configuration, impropriate parameter settings, and/or stochastic bus powers. The power flow controllers, e.g., the unified power flow controller (UPFC), may be the reason and the solution to the loop flows. In this paper, the critical existence condition of the APLF is newly integrated into the simultaneous power flow model for the system and UPFC. Compared with the existing method of alternatively solving the simultaneous power flow and sensitivity-based approaching to the critical existing condition, the integrated power flow needs less iterations and calculation time. Besides, with wind power fluctuation, the interval power flow (IPF) is introduced into the integrated power flow, and solved with the affine Krawcyzk iteration to make sure that the range of active power setting of the UPFC not yielding the APLF. Compared with Monte Carlo simulation, the IPF has the similar accuracy but less time.     

Optimal redundant placement of PMUs in Indian power grid — northern,eastern and north-eastern regions

Effective utilization of renewable energy sources and efficient management of electric energy are essential for any developing countries like India. This can be envisioned through the implementation of concepts of smart grid (SG). One of the key requisites for SG implementation is that the grid should be completely observable. Renovation of conventional Indian power grid to a SG necessitates incorporation of the phasor measurement units (PMUs) in the present power grid measurement and monitoring system. Since the cost of PMU is high and any bus containing a PMU makes the neighboring connected buses observable, optimal placement of PMUs is very important for complete observability of the grid. This paper proposes optimal redundant geographical locations in the northern, eastern and north-eastern regions of Indian power grid for PMU placement. The PMUs installed in these geographical locations will make the grid completely observable and maintain the observability under the conditions of failure of some PMUs or branch outages. Integer linear programming has been used for finding the optimal PMU locations. The results proposed in this paper can be a stepping stone for revamping the Indian power grid to a SG ensuring complete observability during different contingency conditions.     

分布式光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪技术比较研究

基于当前光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪技术的研究现状,介绍了适用于分布式光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪的各种常用控制方法,阐述了每一种控制方法的技术原理,分析和比较了这些常用控制方法的特点,总结了各自的优点和缺点,最后对分布式光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪方法的选择问题进行了探讨,并指出了具体选择方法时应综合考虑的各种因素。     

Shedding light on solar technologies—A techno-economic assessment and its policy implications

Solar power technologies will have to become a major pillar in the world's future energy system to combat climate change and resource depletion. However, it is unclear which solar technology is and will prove most viable. Therefore, a comprehensive comparative assessment of solar technologies along the key quantitative and qualitative competitiveness criteria is needed. Based on a literature review and detailed techno-economic modeling for 2010 and 2020 in five locations, we provide such an assessment for the three currently leading large-scale solar technologies. We show that today these technologies cannot yet compete with conventional forms of power generation but approach competitiveness around 2020 in favorable locations. Furthermore, from a global perspective we find that none of the solar technologies emerges as a clear winner and that cost of storing energy differs by technology and can change the order of competitiveness in some instances. Importantly, the competitiveness of the different technologies varies considerably across locations due to differences in, e.g., solar resource and discount rates. Based on this analysis, we discuss policy implications with regard to fostering the diffusion of solar technologies while increasing the efficiency of policy support through an adequate geographical allocation of solar technologies.     

Performance of PI controller for control of active and reactive power in DFIG operating in a grid-connected variable speed wind energy conversion system

Due to several factors, wind energy becomes an essential type of electricity generation. The share of this type of energy in the network is becoming increasingly important. The objective of this work is to present the modeling and control strategy of a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by the rotor. This paper is to present the complete modeling and simulation of a wind turbine driven DFIG in the second mode of operating (the wind turbine pitch control is deactivated). It will introduce the vector control, which makes it possible to control independently the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the generator and the grid, based on vector control concept (with stator flux or voltage orientation) with classical PI controllers. Various simulation tests are conducted to observe the system behavior and evaluate the performance of the control for some optimization criteria (energy efficiency and the robustness of the control). It is also interesting to play on the quality of electric power by controlling the reactive power exchanged with the grid, which will facilitate making a local correction of power factor.     

无刷双馈风力发电机组的自抗扰功率解耦控制

对无刷双馈风力发电机组稳态运行时的功率分配关系进行了详细分析,在此基础上确定了最大风能捕获的控制策略.将自抗扰控制应用到无刷双馈电机有功功率与无功功率的解耦控制,将功率控制系统分解为有功功率子系统和无功功率子系统,从而建立了风力发电机组完整的功率控制模型.基于Matlab/Simulink的仿真结果表明无刷双馈风力发电机组自抗扰控制成功实现了有功功率与无功功率的解耦控制,不仅能够实现最大风能捕获,而且可以根据电网的实际需求调节机组无功功率的输出,验证了控制算法的有效性.     

A fast and low cost analog maximum power point tracking method for low power photovoltaic systems

Low power photovoltaic (PV) systems are commonly used in stand-alone applications. For these systems, a simple and cost-effective maximum power point tracking (MPPT) solution is essential. In this paper, a fast and low cost analog MPPT method for low power PV systems is proposed. By using two voltage approximation lines (VALs) to approximate the maximum power point (MPP) locus, a low-complexity analog MPPT circuit can be developed. Theoretical derivation and detailed design procedure will be provided in this paper. The proposed method boasts the advantages such as simple structure, low cost, fast tracking speed and high tracking efficiency. To validate the correctness of the proposed method, simulation and experimental results of an 87 W PV system will also be provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.     

A simple digital control algorithm for three phase shunt active filter: simulation and experimentation

A novel and simple i _freal control algorithm using digital signal processor (DSP) has been proposed and realized for a three phase shunt active filter (SAF). The simulation and prototype construction of SAF is conducted to compensate the reactive power and harmonics in a distribution system. The major feature of the proposed i _freal algorithm is that it does not require unit vector templates and any transformations for the reference current generation of SAF. This reduces the computational complexity and makes the control flexible and faster. The simulation is conducted in MATLAB/SIMULINK while DSP TMS320LF2407 is employed in the digital implementation of hysteresis current control (HCC) for experimentation. The hardware results correlate with the simulation results in reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the source current and achieving unity power factor.     

Development of hybrid photovoltaic-fuel cell system for stand-alone application

In this paper we present firstly the different hybrid systems with fuel cell. Then, the study is given with a hybrid fuel cell–photovoltaic generator. The role of this system is the production of electricity without interruption in remote areas. It consists generally of a photovoltaic generator (PV), an alkaline water electrolyzer, a storage gas tank, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and power conditioning units (PCU) to manage the system operation of the hybrid system. Different topologies are competing for an optimal design of the hybrid photovoltaic–electrolyzer–fuel cell system. The studied system is proposed. PV subsystem work as a primary source, converting solar irradiation into electricity that is given to a DC bus. The second working subsystem is the electrolyzer which produces hydrogen and oxygen from water as a result of an electrochemical process. When there is an excess of solar generation available, the electrolyzer is turned on to begin producing hydrogen which is sent to a storage tank. The produced hydrogen is used by the third working subsystem (the fuel cell stack) which produces electrical energy to supply the DC bus. The modelisation of the global system is given and the obtained results are presented and discussed.     

Analysis and control of wind-driven self-excited induction generators connected to the grid through power converters

The analysis of the wind-driven self-excited induction generators (SEIGs) connected to the grid through power converters has been developed in this paper. For this analysis, a method of representing the grid power as equivalent load resistance in the steady-state equivalent circuit of SEIG has been formulated. The technique of genetic algorithm (GA) has been adopted for making the analysis of the proposed system simple and straightforward. The control of SEIG is attempted by connecting an uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier (DBR) and a line commutated inverter (LCI) between the generator terminals and three-phase utility grid. A simple control technique for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in wind energy conversion systems (WECS), in which the firing angle of the LCI alone needs to be controlled by sensing the rotor speed of the generator has been proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method of MPPT and method of analysis of this wind-driven SEIG-converter system connected to the grid through power converters has been demonstrated by experiments and simulation. These experimental and simulated results confirm the usefulness and successful working of the proposed system and its analysis.