城市生活垃圾——一种可以利用的能源资源

城市生活垃圾处理,已成为许多城市急需解决的一项难题。据统计,1989年全国各城市共清运垃圾6951万t,其中处理率仅为1.2％。许多城市垃圾已处于无处堆放,无处填埋的状况。城市垃圾处理,应以无害化、减量化和资源化为目标。在我国,城市垃圾通常采用填埋法与堆肥法。前者受城市郊区场地限制,且垃圾自然发酵所产生的污水、沼气仍需处理,在平原地区很难推广。用生物学方法(堆肥)处理垃圾,在人口稠密的大城市郊区亦难以进行     

不同覆盖方式对垃圾填埋场的控臭效果对比研究

填埋是我国处理垃圾的主要方式,填埋过程中,由于微生物好氧,且有一定的厌氧作用,会产生大量的填埋气体和少量的恶臭气体以及挥发的有机物,对环境产生影响。本文采用4种实验模拟方式,设置4种不同环境,进行模拟验证4种除臭模式在垃圾填埋除臭中应用效果。     

易腐垃圾生物处置的典型案例与全生命周期评价

针对生物处置技术中的生物好氧堆肥方式和阳光房厌氧发酵方式处置易腐垃圾,建立模型并收集能源和环境排放的数据,采用全生命周期评价方法进行评价,并与传统的填埋、焚烧方式对比。结果表明:在能源消耗方面,阳光房厌氧发酵处置的能源消耗为61.190 MJ/t易腐垃圾,生物好氧堆肥处置的能源消耗为642.376 MJ/t易腐垃圾;在环境影响方面,生物好氧堆肥处置对环境影响的加权值为-20.237,阳光房厌氧发酵处置的为0.302。在能源消耗方面,阳光房厌氧发酵处置易腐垃圾方式低于生物好氧堆肥方式,但均高于填埋、焚烧处置方式。在对环境影响方面,生物好氧堆肥方式为最佳方案,对环境产生正面影响。阳光房厌氧发酵方式对环境产生负面影响,但仍优于焚烧处置方案。     

城市生活垃圾与禽畜粪便混合堆肥的试验研究

针对阜新市经济转型期间养殖业的迅速发展产生的禽畜粪便以及城市生活垃圾．进行了城市生活垃圾与禽畜粪便混合堆肥的试验研究．通过试验确定了合理的堆肥参数，提出了适合于阜新地区生活垃圾与禽畜粪便的治理方案。     

垃圾处理和利用的技术分析

1．城市生活垃圾处理方法 城市生活垃圾处理方式：主要有三种方法：填埋法，堆肥，焚烧； a．随着人民生活水平的提高和社会经济发展，堆肥法处理垃圾的难度变得越来越大，且堆肥的肥效较低，因而市场前景差。目前已很少单独使用堆肥法来处理城市生活垃圾。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥剩余物的燃烧特性及其焚烧处理

生活垃圾综合处理厂在堆肥过程中产生堆肥剩余物,占总垃圾量的10%～20%,热值较高适于焚烧处理.文章对城市生活垃圾堆肥剩余物的组成、工业分析及元素分析进行分析研究,表明该类堆肥剩余物具有热能回收利用价值.采用TGA方法研究垃圾堆肥剩余物的燃烧特性,结果表明,垃圾的燃烧过程包括水分析出、挥发分燃烧和焦炭燃烧三段进行.挥发分在320℃左右剧烈燃烧,焦炭在420～450℃左右开始强烈燃烧,燃尽温度达750℃左右.在实际流化床焚烧炉上焚烧结果表明,垃圾堆肥剩余物能够在800～950℃内稳定燃烧,并且NOx、SO2、CO、HCl以及重金属等污染物的排放浓度达到国家环保排放标准.为了减少焚烧飞灰量,建议采用炉排炉焚烧此类垃圾,以降低飞灰的处置成本.     

垃圾焚烧的发展趋势分析

该文比较了4种（填埋、堆肥、焚烧和热解）常用的垃圾处理方法的特点，在分析垃圾成分及人们观念变化的基础上，指出垃圾处理的发展趋势是：以焚烧处理为主，适当发展堆肥、填埋作为垃圾处理的最终手段。此外，还讨论了垃圾焚烧产生的环境问题及简单介绍了垃圾焚烧处理技术的现状。     

新型的垃圾资源化利用技术利用技术——能量自给型城市生活垃圾堆肥系统

城市生活垃圾已成为困扰中国大部分城市人民生存环境的一个严重问题。通常的垃圾处理方法有卫生填埋、堆肥和焚烧等,对这些处理方法进行了介绍。通过对国内外垃圾成分、物化性质的比较,提出了适合中国国情的垃圾处理新思路——能量自给型城市生活垃圾堆肥系统。     

能量自给型城市生活垃圾堆肥系统

城市生活垃圾已成为困扰中国大部分城市居民生存环境的一个严重问题。通常的垃圾处理方法有卫生填埋、堆肥和焚烧等。文章对现有的垃圾处理方法进行了介绍。通过对国内外垃圾成分、物化性质的比较,提出了适合中国国情的垃圾处理新思路－能量自给型城市生活垃圾堆肥系统。     

介绍阿坝州若尔盖县城市生活垃圾处置现状和应对措施

综述国内广泛应用的垃圾卫生填埋、焚烧发电和堆肥等技术,并对各种技术的应用优缺点进行分析。介绍若尔盖县城市生活垃圾产生、卫生填埋处置现状,指出其存在的缺点,根据经济发展水平提出了远期若尔盖县应该在精细垃圾分类基础上应用"以焚烧发电为主,以堆肥和卫生填埋为辅"的综合垃圾处置技术建议。     

污水处理场除臭系统的密闭与输送设计

近年来,国内各类污水处理厂陆续增设除臭系统,并收到良好效果,但人们对除臭工艺的重视一般高于收集系统,尤其是密闭和输送,因此除臭系统的密闭和输送就成为了制约整体除臭工艺发挥效能的关键因素。除臭系统的密闭和输送包括密闭装置、抽风口、进风口、输送管道、调节阀门以及风机等。密闭收集装置选型时要选择密闭程度高的密闭形式、并控制好密闭空间,根据臭气源的特点采取不同的收集方式。密闭效果好,采用单点或少点抽风口设计,密闭效果不好,采用多点抽风口设计,以确保密闭装置内气流组织均匀。依据设计的基本原则,输送管道要求主风管尽量位于负荷中心,各支风管的风量、长度相差不大。目前污水处理场除臭系统常用风机的安装方式有两种:密效果好,风机安装在除臭装置之前;密封效果不好,风机安装在除臭装置之后。污水处理厂常用的通风机分为离心式和轴流式,按以往工程项目经验,系统压力至多选到离心风机的中压区。     

生物滴滤塔处理恶臭气体工艺优化试验

采用生物滴滤塔进行了恶臭气体恶臭成分脱除试验,探讨了填料层高度、营养液喷淋量和停留时间对恶臭成分的脱除影响。结果表明,优化工艺条件为:填料层高度500mm,喷淋量为20L/h,停留时间40s。并在此条件下进行了连续运行试验,取得了良好效果。     

In-vessel composting for utilizing of municipal sewage-sludge

The amount of sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants has been increasing year-by-year as the sewerage service area expanded. The composting process is considered to be one of the best management methods to stabilize different organic wastes. The main goal of this investigation was to find the optimal ratio of the quantity of the organic waste to the quantity of the sewage sludge. The process of composting was carried out in the Horstmann bioreactor (pilot scale) for 2–3 weeks and then in a compost pile for 6–12 weeks. Seven experiments were performed, with different ratios of the quantity of organic wastes to the quantity of sewage sludge. The results enabled an estimation of the quality of compost and its usefulness and also the usefulness of the bioreactor to be deduced.     

Effect of sawdust addition and composting of feedstock on renewable energy and biochar production from pyrolysis of anaerobically digested pig manure

Pyrolysis experiments were conducted on the separated solid fraction of anaerobically digested pig manure (SADPM). The aim of these experiments was to investigate the influence of (1) sawdust addition and (2) composting the feedstock, on the products of pyrolysis and on the net energy yield from the pyrolysis process. Mixtures of SADPM and sawdust were made to give the following treatments; manure only, 4:1(w/w) and 3:2(w/w). These mixtures were pyrolized at 600 °C both before and after aerobic composting. The yields of the biochar, bio-liquid and gas were influenced by the addition of sawdust to the SADPM and by composting of the feedstock. With the addition of sawdust, biochar and gas higher heating values (HHV) increased, while bio-liquid HHV decreased. More than 70% of the original energy in the feedstock remained in the biochar, bio-liquid and gas after pyrolysis, increasing as the proportion of sawdust increased. The HHV of the biochar decreased, while the HHV of the bio-liquid increased, after the feedstocks were composted. The energy balance showed that increasing the rate of sawdust addition to SADPM resulted in an increased net energy yield. The addition of a composting stage increased the net energy yield for the manure only feedstock only. However, with increasing sawdust addition, composting of the feedstock reduced the net energy yield.     

单塔低压全吹出工艺在苏丹喀土穆炼厂100×10~4t/a酸性水汽提装置上的应用

在苏丹喀土穆炼厂,为与三期扩建炼油生产能力配套,解决现污水汽提装置处理能力小,净化水质量不合格,侧线抽氨中硫化氢含量高,恶臭气味造成环境污染等问题,新上一套100×104t/a酸性水汽提装置,采用单塔低压全吹出工艺,酸性水储罐罐顶气体采用成套设施脱臭,并采用注碱脱除酸性水中固氨等技术,处理来自延迟焦化装置、焦化汽油、柴油加氢装置、催化裂化装置以及常减压装置的含硫污水,装置所产净化水返回常减压、催化裂化和焦化装置回用,剩余部分送污水处理场。装置应用表明,单塔低压全吹出工艺技术成熟可靠,对原料适应范围宽,脱臭及注碱等技术的应用,提高了净化水的质量指标,使其既能满足下游污水处理厂的要求,又可用于回注。     

Thermophilic composting of municipal solid waste

Process of composting has been developed for recycling of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). The bioreactor design was modified to reduce the composting process time. The main goal of this investigation was to find the optimal value of time period for composting of MSW in thermophilic bioreactor under aerobic condition. The temperature profiles correlated well with experimental data obtained during the maturation process. During this period biological degraders are introduced in to the reactor to accelerate the composting process. The compost materials were analyzed at various stages and the environmental parameters were considered. The final composting materials contained large organic content with in a short duration of 40 days. The quantity of volume reduction of raw MSW was 78%. The test result shows that the final compost material from the thermophilic reactor provides good humus to build up soil characteristics and some basic plant nutrients.     

我国市政污泥处理处置现状研究

随着我国生态文明建设进程日益加快,污泥处理处置行业也得到快速发展。我国市政污泥处理处置技术呈现多样化发展趋势,焚烧、厌氧发酵、好氧堆肥、热解炭化等方式尤为常见。统计分析了国内385个典型污泥处理处置项目的处理规模、各技术占比、投资、运行成本等指标,并针对各污泥处理工艺碳排放情况进行综述,以期为未来污泥处理处置技术发展方向提供一定参考。数据显示,截至2022年3月,我国污泥项目建设总规模达4 851.4万t/a,污泥无害化理论处置率达73.5%。污泥处理处置项目以焚烧、厌氧消化、好氧堆肥为主,分别占比65.41%、15.55%、9.61%。对污泥碳排放水平、处理成本、能源回收效率、资源化利用水平等因素的综合分析表明,污泥厌氧消化是当前较具潜力的处理技术。     

What is the potential for biogas digesters to improve soil carbon sequestration in Sub-Saharan Africa? Comparison with other uses of organic residues

Using bioslurry from anaerobic digestion as an organic fertilizer has great potential to increase carbon sequestration by supplying organic matter to the soil. This paper examines this potential in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to other uses of organic residues, including burning on pyrolysis cook-stoves and composting. Measurements of loss of carbon on treatment of organic residues indicate that the proportion of carbon lost from organic residue during treatment is greater for anaerobic digestion than for aerobic composting or pyrolysis. The stability of organic residue is increased by treatment, and is similar for composted and anaerobically digested material, but is higher for material treated by pyrolysis. Simulations using the RothC model, driven by parameters based on incubations of the organic residues with soil, suggest that on the basis of decomposability alone, treated organic residues sequester significantly more carbon than untreated organic residues, and despite the differences observed in stability, unless biochar contains a high proportion of inert organic material that does not decompose at all, the potential carbon sequestration by incorporating biochar is similar to that for compost or bioslurry. However, if losses of carbon during treatment are also taken into account, incorporating bioslurry sequesters only approximately the same amount of carbon as if the organic residue had been left untreated. By contrast, incorporating compost and biochar sequesters significantly more carbon than incorporating the untreated organic residue. Therefore using bioslurry as an organic fertilizer sequesters less of the carbon in the soil from organic residue than burning on pyrolysis cook-stoves or composting.     

汽油无碱脱臭Ⅱ型工艺的工业应用

针对加氢汽油硫醇在采用无碱脱臭I型工艺时．存在硫醇脱除率低、上游装置操作苛刻度高、汽油辛烷值损失较大等问题,通过对催化汽油脱硫醇装置进行工艺改造,采用中国石油大学（北京）开发的无碱脱臭Ⅱ型工艺脱除硫醇,取得了一定的效果,不仅满足了产品质量的要求,而且降低了上游装置操作苛刻度,全馏分催化汽油辛烷值（RON）损失不高于1．5个单位,2007年上半年93号以上高标号汽油比例达到78,40％左右,经济效益增加了4365万元。     

杭州市生活垃圾优化处理技术分析

对杭州市生活垃圾的特性和处理现状进行了分析时比。根据该市生活垃圾处理处置存在的问题，提出生活垃圾资源化综合优化处理技术。该技术综合了填埋、堆肥和焚烧三种处理方法优点，可以实现生活垃圾的减量化、资源化和无害化，具有很好的社会、环境和经济效益。