大功率船用中速气体机空燃比控制技术研究

基于某型大功率船用气体发动机开展空燃比控制技术研究。首先通过一维仿真计算确定各负荷下的目标空燃比,以及空燃比控制方式的转换临界点;然后通过台架试验对适合该型气体机的空燃比控制技术进行研究和验证。研究表明:采用节气门配合旁通阀的空燃比控制技术能够满足该型发动机稳态和动态空燃比控制的性能要求。     

煤层气发动机空燃比控制方法与策略的研究

本文研究了煤层气发动机不同工况下空燃比控制方法与控制策略,针对发动机不同工况分别在ECU中采用了开环控制方案和基于氧传感器的PID闭环控制方案;特别针对发动机的进气系统特点提出了双阀控制策略,并采用了比值控制方法。实验表明,空燃比控制方案改善了发动机内的燃烧状况,符合不同工况下的空燃比控制要求。     

基于循环的缸内直喷乙醇HCCI燃烧的瞬态空燃比特性研究

考虑到HCCI燃烧模式对于循环间变动很敏感,基于瞬态CO₂/CO和HC排放测试仪,利用缸内直喷HCCI发动机台架,对乙醇HCCI燃烧循环间的排放及瞬态空燃比进行检测,并采用数学统计的方法分析连续循环的瞬态空燃比变化特性。研究结果表明:喷油量的变化对瞬态空燃比的波动影响最大,发动机转速和进气温度的影响依次降低;瞬态空燃比与缸内燃烧压力峰值显著相关,当瞬态空燃比上升时,缸压峰值降低,反之亦然。     

基于BP神经网络进气预估的汽油机瞬态空燃比控制研究

针对某款单缸大排量摩托车发动机,在Matlab/Simulink中建立带油膜补偿器的基于BP神经网络进气量预估模型,对上述组成的空燃比控制模型进行了仿真研究。结果表明,基于BP神经网络的进气量预估控制模型能将超调量控制在10%以内,并能够在1.4s内将混合气恢复至当量比,避免了传统PID控制可能出现的震荡情况,表明基于进气预估的空燃比控制效果良好;加入油膜补偿后,其空燃比超调量不超过5%,能够在1.2s内将混合气恢复至当量比,说明加入油膜补偿前馈控制能够有效降低燃油传输动态特性带来的影响,提高控制精度。     

供气系统参数变化对双燃料发动机低负荷排放的影响

对空气和天然气供气系统的2个参数-进气温度和空燃比进行了发动机试验，空燃比的调节包括进气节流和停缸2种方式。试验结果表明，适当提高进气温度和合适的进气节流量都可以降低THC和CO排放，但NOx排放会增加，在低负荷时采用停缸技术，可以很好地改善发动机的排放。     

电喷汽油机过渡工况进气流速的灰色GM(1,1)预测研究

进气流量的精确测量是车用汽油机空燃比精确控制的基础,发动机工作在过渡工况时,因进气状态变化,空气流量传感器的滞后响应影响了过渡工况空燃比的控制精度.本文提出了一种基于灰色理论的过渡工况进气流速的预测方法,以空气流量传感器测试的历史数据建立进气流速的灰色预测模型,并根据新测试的结果对模型进行修正,对车用汽油机加减速工况试验数据进行仿真,结果表明该方法能准确地预测过渡工况的进气流速.     

进气压力对发动机性能的影响研究

在一台3.8L涡轮增压中冷4缸柴油机上通过试验和仿真研究了进气压力对柴油机燃烧和性能的影响。试验中拆除了原机增压器及中冷器,通过自制压力调节装置直接控制柴油机进、排气压力。试验及仿真结果表明:在排气压力维持不变的条件下,最高燃烧压力与进气压力具有明显的线性关系,进气压力每增加100kPa,最高燃烧压力增加约4.8MPa~7.0MPa;进气压力对最高燃烧压力相位的影响不明显;空气质量流量与进气压力具有明显的线性关系,进气压力每增加10kPa,空气质量流量增加约13~37kg/h;柴油机排气温度与空燃比具有明显的线性关系,空燃比每增加1,柴油机排气温度降低约4.2℃;随进气压力增加,柴油机缸内燃烧滞燃期缩短,燃烧始点提前,但进气压力对燃烧持续期没有明显影响;进气压力每增加10kPa,发动机转矩增加约0.8~2.5N·m。     

基于LS-SVM逆系统的汽油机瞬态空燃比复合控制研究

为实现瞬态空燃比有效控制,提出基于逆模型前馈控制附加无模型自适应反馈控制的复合控制策略。利用最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)建立空燃比系统逆模型,对瞬态空燃比模型中的进气量进行动态前馈补偿,并结合无模型自适应(MFAC)通过修正喷油量对空燃比进行反馈控制,对系统扰动、误差等实现修正。利用瞬态工况试验数据进行仿真,并与台架试验实际数据进行了对比。结果表明,LS-SVM逆模能高精度地逼近空燃比瞬态过程,结合MFAC反馈控制提高了系统的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力。因此该复合控制策略可行,可用于发动机瞬态工况空燃比的精确控制。     

根据排放成分确定空燃比的研究

介绍了由发动机尾气排放物求空燃比精确解的模型 ,分析了进气湿度和温度、气体分析仪精度、NOx 浓度等对Φa 计算值的影响。通过简化模型 ,得到了空燃比的使用计算公式 ,并给出了实际分析数据和对比结果。简化计算模型仅需 φCO、φCO2 、φO2 、φH C的数值就可计算空燃比 Φa,该模型可用于替代燃料的空燃比计算。同时给出了理论空燃比和过量空气系数的计算通式。目前的 4气、5气分析仪采用本文介绍的Φa和理论空燃比模型改造 ,即可用于替代燃料的Φa和α的测量。运用灵敏度法分析了各种气体测量误差对 Φa的影响     

HCCI发动机着火过程控制参数的研究

为了研究HCCI发动机着火控制时刻影响因素,建立了模拟HCCI发动机燃烧的计算模型,以甲烷/丙烷混合物和正庚烷/异辛烷混合物作为燃料,考察了十六烷值、辛烷值、压缩比、燃空当量比、进气温度和压力等因素对HCCI发动机着火时刻的影响.计算结果表明:随着燃料十六烷值的减小或辛烷值的增加,相同条件下燃料的着火延迟期增加;压缩比、燃空当量比和进气温度的变化会引起燃料着火时刻的显著变化;进气压力的变化对燃料着火延迟期的影响较小;气体十六烷值越低,辛烷值越大,着火延迟期受上述参数变化影响越大.研究结果为HCCI发动机的优化设计和燃烧控制提供指导依据.     

Study on homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion in argon circulated closed cycle hydrogen engine

It is important to improve thermal efficiency and to reduce harmful exhaust gas emissions in internal combustion engines. A closed cycle engine system that uses a monatomic molecular gas as the working fluid can be expected to have high thermal efficiency due to the high specific heat ratio of the gas. Several studies have been reported on closed cycle engines with conventional spark ignition or compression ignition. This research newly proposes an argon circulated closed cycle homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine system fueled with hydrogen. In this engine system, effects of in-cylinder gas initial temperature and residual water in recirculated gas on combustion characteristics were investigated. The results show that the system with argon circulation has the wider range of operable conditions and the higher thermal efficiency compared to the case with air as the working fluid.     

天然气发动机氨排放控制应用研究

选择满足国六排放标准的天然气发动机,用全流稀释排放设备采集了发动机常用工况的排放数据并分析了发动机过量空气系数、催化器温度及发动机尾气中CO、NO x等污染物体积浓度对NH 3排放的影响并提出控制NH 3排放的方法。研究结果表明:当发动机过量空气系数大于0.965时,发动机尾气中NH 3的排放随过量空气系数增大而逐渐降低;发动机尾气排放污染物CO对NH 3的排放量影响较大,在一定范围内CO的体积浓度与NH 3的排放量成正相关,但是NO x的体积浓度与NH 3的排放量没有明显的对应关系。另外,三元催化器(three way catalyst,TWC)包裹保温材料后,发动机尾气中NH 3的排放随着催化器温度的升高而降低。在3种控制天然气发动机尾气中NH 3排放的技术中,当前建议选择两级式TWC技术方案对天然气发动机NH 3排放进行控制处理,待逃逸氨催化器(ammonia slip catalyst,ASC)适应天然气发动机发展后,TWC+ASC可以成为良好的排放控制技术方案。     

Dilution of fresh charge for reducing combustion knock in the internal combustion engine fueled with hydrogen rich gases

Hydrogen as potential engine fuel can appear either as a single gas or as a component in processing gases e.g. syngas, hythane and coke gas. The research in this paper investigates impact of combustible mixture dilution on abnormal combustion called knock in the reciprocating internal combustion engine. Dilution can be realized by either exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or making the combustible mixture lean. Novelty of this work is a new metrics defined as dilution ratio, which makes it possible to compare knock reduction caused by either EGR or leaning the air-gas mixture to the engine. Two gaseous fuels were investigated: hydrogen and coke gas with 65% hydrogen. Conclusion based on the proposed dilution ratio states that, for hydrogen as the fuel, applying EGR is more effective in knock reduction than making the mixture lean. It was found that EGR strategy in the hydrogen fueled engine can reduce knock intensity from initial 40 kPa–20 kPa, whereas by leaning the mixture to the same dilution ratio, the knock is reduced to approximately 28 kPa. With respect to coke gas, it is proved that both EGR and lean mixtures influence on knock reduction at the same strength.     

国六天然气发动机排放技术方案分析

分析天然气发动机尾气中污染物控制方法,对比天然气发动机满足国六排放标准不同排放技术方案的优缺点,确定理论空燃比-三元催化-废气再循环技术方案是当前天然气发动机排放的最优技术方案。通过发动机台架进行冷、热态全球统一态测试循环(world harmoized transient cycle,WHTC)排放试验以及实际道路排放测试进行验证,结果表明使用该技术方案的天然气发动机污染物排放量满足国六排放标准的限值要求。     

Numerical analysis of performance and emissions behavior of a bi-fuel engine with compressed natural gas enriched with hydrogen using variable compression ratio strategy

The increase in the compression ratio reduces the fuel consumption and improves the performance. These effects of compression ratio could be observed in all of the engines, such as compression or spark ignition engines. Moreover, due to the compression ratio constraint based on the knocking phenomenon in spark ignition engines, there will always be an optimal compression ratio, which is one of the most fundamental factors in engine design. The optimum compression ratio could be achieved depending on the type of fuel, but in the case of bi-fuel engines, since the nature of each fuel is different, the design must be relatively optimal for both fuels. In this work, by using the VCR (variable compression ratio) strategy, the bi-fuel EF7 engine performance, combustion, and emissions were investigated in different compression ratios when the engine uses gasoline or HCNG (hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas) as fuel. The results revealed that by changing the compression ratio from 11.05 (actual compression ratio of engine) to 11.80 in HCNG mode, an increase of 13% in power could be achieved. Also CO formation, at the compression ratio of 11.80, was slightly lower (7%) than the compression ratio of 11.05. In addition, by reducing the compression ratio from 11.05 to 10.50 in gasoline mode, there was a significant increase in emissions; that was 44% for the NO_x and 16% for the CO, which could be one of the limiting factors of the advance in spark timing. Moreover, due to the VCR strategy and the significant optimization of the compression ratio, the combinatory method of VCR – HCNG can be used as an effective method for the bi-fuel engines in order to improve the performance and reduce emissions.     

LNG柴油双燃料发动机多点顺序喷射试验研究

为将纯柴油发动机改造为LNG/柴油双燃料多点顺序喷射发动机,在不改变原型机结构前提下设计了一套天然气供给系统。为验证该供气系满足否满足原型机在额定工况下的需求,设计了进气道喷射模拟试验台。试验验证表明:该天然气供给系统能够满足发动机在额定工况下燃气供应量及喷射控制的需求,且整套系统能够根据发动机不同工况调整天然气的喷射量。试验结果可为发动机在双燃料模式下运行提供前期数据支撑。     

Ammonia–water bottoming cycles: a comparison between gas engines and gas diesel engines as prime movers

Ammonia–water cycles can produce more power than steam Rankine cycles in several applications. One of these applications is as a bottoming cycle to internal combustion engines. In the present study, ammonia–water bottoming cycle configurations for spark-ignition gas engines and compression-ignition gas diesel engines have been compared. Single-pressure Rankine cycles have been used as a basis for the comparison. Low heat source temperatures should increase the difference in power output between the ammonia–water cycle and the Rankine cycle. However, in this study, the results of the simulations show different trends. In most cases, the ammonia–water bottoming cycles with gas engines as prime movers generate more power compared to a Rankine cycle than when gas diesel engines are the prime movers. The temperature of the most important waste heat source, the exhaust gas, is approximately 100°C higher for the gas engines than for the gas diesel engines. Therefore, for the gas engines, most of the waste heat available to a bottoming cycle is in the form of relatively high-temperature exhaust gas, while for the gas diesel engines more of the waste heat is in the form of relatively low-temperature heat sources.     

Effect of equivalence ratio on knocking tendency in spark ignition engines fueled with fuel blends of biogas,natural gas,propane and hydrogen

This research evaluates the effect of the equivalence ratio on knocking tendency in two Spark Ignition (SI) engines fueled with gaseous fuels. A Lister Petter TR2 Diesel engine (TR2) converted to SI was used to evaluate the equivalence ratio effect when the engine was fueled with fuel blends of biogas, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. A Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine was used to study the effect of equivalence ratio on the Critical Compression Ratio (CCR) which is a metric to evaluate the knocking tendency of gaseous fuels. In both engines, the tests were conducted using the knocking threshold as the engine limit operation to quantify the effect of the equivalence ratio on knocking tendency. Experimental results in the CFR engine revealed that a lean mixture reduces the knocking tendency allowing to operate the CFR engine at higher CCR. In contrast, the effect of the equivalence ratio on the knocking tendency in the TR2 engine was different since leaner mixtures increased the engine knocking tendency. This tendency was caused by the increase in the % throttle which increased the mixture pressure at the end of the compression stroke. The high knocking tendency to lean mixtures forces to reduce the output power to find the knocking threshold for all fuel blends.     

Experimental study on flame stability of biogas / hydrogen combustion

The flame stability of biogas blended with hydrogen combustion was experimentally studied in the constant volume combustion bomb. The variations of characteristic parameters of flame instability and effect of pressure and fuel component proportion on flame shape were analyzed. The experimental results show that the flame instability increases with the decrease of equivalence ratio, and the global flame stability decreases with increase of CO₂ fractions. With increase of initial pressure of biogas and hydrogen mixture, Markstein length decreases, hydrodynamic instability decreases, but the thermal mass diffusion instability has no effect. The effect of increase of the hydrogen ratio on flame stability is more obvious, with the increase of initial pressure and hydrogen ratio together, both hydrodynamic instability and thermal mass diffusion instability increase. This research can provide experimental basis for the design and development of biogas blended with hydrogen engines.     

Optical study on the effects of the hydrogen injection timing on lean combustion characteristics using a natural gas/hydrogen dual-fuel injected spark-ignition engine

Lean combustion has the potential to achieve higher thermal efficiency for internal combustion (IC) engines. However, natural gas engines often suffer from slow burning rate and large cyclic variations when adopting lean combustion. In this study, using a dual-fuel optical engine with a high compression ratio, the effects of direct-injected hydrogen on lean combustion characteristics of natural gas engines was investigated, emphasizing the role of hydrogen injection timing. Synchronization measurement of in-cylinder pressure and high-speed photography was performed for combustion analysis. The results show that the direct-injected hydrogen exhibits great improvement in lean combustion instability and power capability of natural gas engines. Visual images and combustion phasing analysis indicate that the underlying reasons are ascribed to the fast flame propagation with hydrogen addition. Regarding the direct injection timings, it is found that late injection of direct-injected hydrogen can achieve higher thermal efficiency, manifesting advanced combustion phasing, and increased heat release rate. Specifically, the flame propagation speed is elevated by approximately 50% at ?100 CAD than that of ?250 CAD. Further analysis indicates that the improvement of engine performance is ascribed to the increased volumetric efficiency and in-cylinder turbulence intensity, manifesting distinct flame centroid pathways at different injection timings. The current study provides insights into the combustion optimization of natural gas engines under lean burning conditions.