水煤浆技术在吉化炼油厂的应用

介绍了吉化炼油厂65t／h油炉改烧水煤浆工程，对厂区煤浆卸、储、运、炉前系统，出渣除尘等也作了介绍，并对改造后锅炉运行情况以及经济、社会效益和应用前景进行了分析。实际应用结果表明，锅炉负荷可达60t／h以上，燃烧效率达到97％以上，锅炉热效率达到88．5％以上。     

水煤浆燃料在汕头万丰热电厂的应用

介绍了我国能源结构特点及水煤浆燃料的优势；对万丰热电厂220t／h油炉改烧水煤浆工程进行介绍，并对经济、社会效益和应用前景进行了分析，实际应用结果表明，改造是成功的，燃烧效率达到99％，锅炉热效率达到9l％以上。     

10t／h燃油锅炉改烧水煤浆的设计应用

介绍10t／h燃油锅炉改烧水煤浆的设计方案、设计运行参数、锅炉的工作过程和优越性。实践证明,在原锅炉本体前增加燃烧室,挡火墙、落灰斗,并采用新型水煤浆燃烧器,可解决结焦、燃烧不完全等问题。     

65t／h锅炉改烧水煤浆燃料的改造设计

水煤浆是一种新型洁净代油燃料，介绍了65t／h锅炉改烧水煤浆燃料锅炉改造设计情况。     

水煤浆代油改造技术在工业采暖锅炉中的应用

以北京燕山石化民用能源热力分公司14MW工业采暖燃油锅炉改烧水煤浆的实例为对象，针对锅炉由原燃烧重油改烧水煤浆燃料的特点，阐述了在保留原有设施的同时锅炉系统进行的适当调整和改造，计算分析了本次改造所产生的社会经济效益，表明水煤浆作为一种洁净燃料具有的广阔应用前景。     

水煤浆燃烧调整技术在220t/h燃油锅炉改烧水煤浆中的应用

阐述了水煤浆燃烧调聱技术在燃油锅炉改烧水煤浆后燃烧调整中的技术应用，可为同类炉的运行规程提供经验依据。     

水煤浆燃烧技术用于造纸黑液处理的研究

对水煤浆燃烧技术用于造纸黑液处理进行了中试研究。多种不同组成的黑液煤浆在改造过的6．5t/h的链条炉上进行了燃烧试验。对黑液燃烧产物如烟气、烟尘及灰渣进行了成分测试，对锅炉混烧水煤浆前后的效率进行了分析比较。结果表明，黑液煤浆与层燃煤混烧提高了锅炉锅炉效率并降低了污染。水煤浆燃烧技术在该领域的成功应用为造纸黑液的处理提供了新的思路。     

220t_h电站燃油炉改烧水煤浆炉内传热及排放特性的试验

水煤浆是一种新型的代油洁净燃料。文中介绍了电站燃油锅炉改烧水煤浆后炉内传热及其污染物的排放测试结果，包括温度场、火焰黑度、过热器管壁温度、排烟温度、排烟成分的测量。这些数据表明了燃烧水煤浆的一些特点，可为锅炉改烧水煤浆的改造和设计提供参考。     

万丰热电厂厂区水煤浆系统的优化与运行

介绍了万丰热电厂220t／h油炉改烧水煤浆的卸、储、运系统设计特点及设备选型和系统运行情况，同时针对水煤浆的特点和该锅炉运行要求，对系统中的管路布置、储罐局部设计、回流系统和运行方法等进行了优化设计和改进，应用证明这些改造方法对提高系统的安全可靠运行是十分有效的。     

2_8MW热水链条锅炉改烧水煤浆燃烧试验分析

水煤浆是新型洁净燃料，有着很好的应用前景。在山东新汶矿业集团中心医院2．8MW热水锅炉改烧水煤浆的工业应用中，锅炉燃烧稳定，燃烧效率高，低负荷稳燃能力良好。本文对水煤浆在炉内燃烧过程，火焰中心，火炬长度，结渣特性等进行了分析。     

我国经济和社会发展中必须重视石油峰值问题

石油峰值(Peak Oil)是指某一区域(全球、地区、国家、油区等)石油产量的最大值及其来临的时间。世界石油产量到达峰值并不意味着全世界已将石油消耗怠尽,也不意味着人类不可能在地球上再发现新的油田,只是新发现的油田的石油产量越来越无法弥补已开发油田产量的下降,世界石油供应量不可能再增加,不能满足人类日益增长的需求。许多研究表明世界石油产量正在进入峰值平台期,随时都可能出现资源长期短缺的石油危机。我国的石油消费一直以较快的速度增长,石油也许很快成为我国经济发展的瓶颈。本文提出了石油峰值——我国经济和社会发展中必须重视的一个重大问题,希望大家尤其是主管部门和高层决策者充分认识石油峰值的内涵和挑战,高度重视我国面临的潜在的石油危机,认真落实科学发展观、未雨绸缪,提早采取应对策略以实现我国经济社会的可持续发展。     

美国战略石油储备补仓和释放策略分析

美国是最早建立战略石油储备的国家之一,自20世纪70年代开始已逐步形成了一套比较完善的战略石油储备决策管理体系。历史数据表明,美国战略石油储备的几次释放和补仓时机都把握得很好,充分发挥了战略石油储备保障国家石油供应安全、平抑国际原油价格的作用。本文系统地介绍和分析了美国战略石油储备几次主要的释放和补仓策略,以期为探讨我国战略石油储备的补仓和释放时机与策略,提供决策信息参考。     

开发难动用储量保障国家石油安全

保障我国石油安全有多种措施：建立石油储备、发展替代能源、降低能耗、从国外获取稳定的石油供应、加大国内石油资源的勘探开发力度等。其中，加强国内石油资源的勘探开发是最重要的途径。本文针对我国陆上近４０亿ｔ已探明难动用石油地质储量的现实，从国家石油政策、技术进步、开发方式和机制、评价方法和参数等方面论述了促进难动用储量开发，保障国家石油安全的途径。     

我国急需发展石油期货市场

本文从我国石油需求逐年上升、对进口依赖性不断提高以及国际石油市场起伏不定的现实出发,分析论述了我国发展石油期货市场的必要性和可行性,并提出了发展石油期货市场方面的建议。     

Mitigation of maximum world oil production: Shortage scenarios

A framework is developed for planning the mitigation of the oil shortages that will be caused by world oil production reaching a maximum and going into decline. To estimate potential economic impacts, a reasonable relationship between percent decline in world oil supply and percent decline in world GDP was determined to be roughly 1:1. As a limiting case for decline rates, giant fields were examined. Actual oil production from Europe and North America indicated significant periods of relatively flat oil production (plateaus). However, before entering its plateau period, North American oil production went through a sharp peak and steep decline. Examination of a number of future world oil production forecasts showed multi-year rollover/roll-down periods, which represent pseudoplateaus. Consideration of resource nationalism posits an Oil Exporter Withholding Scenario, which could potentially overwhelm all other considerations. Three scenarios for mitigation planning resulted from this analysis: (1) A Best Case, where maximum world oil production is followed by a multi-year plateau before the onset of a monatomic decline rate of 2–5% per year; (2) A Middling Case, where world oil production reaches a maximum, after which it drops into a long-term, 2–5% monotonic annual decline; and finally (3) A Worst Case, where the sharp peak of the Middling Case is degraded by oil exporter withholding, leading to world oil shortages growing potentially more rapidly than 2–5% per year, creating the most dire world economic impacts.     

Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock

Biodiesel has high potential as a new and renewable energy source in the future, as a substitution fuel for petroleum-derived diesel and can be used in existing diesel engine without modification. Currently, more than 95% of the world biodiesel is produced from edible oil which is easily available on large scale from the agricultural industry. However, continuous and large-scale production of biodiesel from edible oil without proper planning may cause negative impact to the world, such as depletion of food supply leading to economic imbalance. A possible solution to overcome this problem is to use non-edible oil or waste edible oil (WEO). In this context, the next question that comes in mind would be if the use of non-edible oil overcomes the short-comings of using edible oil. Apart from that, if WEO were to be used, is it sufficient to meet the demand of biodiesel. All these issues will be addressed in this paper by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of using edible oil vs. non-edible vs. WEO as feedstock for biodiesel production. The discussion will cover various aspects ranging from oil composition, oil yield, economics, cultivation requirements, land availability and also the resources availability. Finally, a proposed solution will be presented.     

Factors Affecting the Oil Agglomeration of Sivas-Divriği Uluçayır Lignite

Abstract

In the coal industry, the coal particles need to be decreased to a very fine size because of the need of removing inorganic materials from coal. Oil agglomeration is a kind of coal cleaning technique that is used for separation of organic and inorganic parts of fine sized coal. In this study, the oil agglomeration of Sivas-Divri?i (S-D) Uluçay?r lignite was carried out by using kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, poppy oil, and sunflower oil. The amount of bridging oil was varied from 5% to 25% of the amount of lignite. The effect of oil amount, oil type, solid content, agitation rate and time, pH on agglomeration performance was investigated. Maximum recovery value of 98.18% was observed by using poppy oil. In order to investigate the effect of pH on agglomeration NaOH and HCl is added to the slurry in various amounts. It is decided that the best agglomeration condition is obtained at low pH values. The effect of nonionic surface active agent (Igepal-CA 630) on agglomeration is investigated by adding to the slurry and it is observed that the grade is increased with the amount of surface active agent.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a DI compression ignition engine operated on Honge, Jatropha and sesame oil methyl esters

The high viscosity of vegetable oils leads to problem in pumping and spray characteristics. The inefficient mixing of vegetable oils with air contributes to incomplete combustion. The best way to use vegetable oils as fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines is to convert it into biodiesel. Biodiesel is a methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acids made from vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and animal fat. The main resources for biodiesel production can be non-edible oils obtained from plant species such as Pongamia pinnata (Honge oil), Jatropha curcas (Ratanjyot), Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber) and Calophyllum inophyllum (Nagchampa). Biodiesel can be used in its pure form or can be blended with diesel to form different blends. It can be used in CI engines with very little or no engine modifications. This is because it has properties similar to mineral diesel. This paper presents the results of investigations carried out on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection, CI engine operated with methyl esters of Honge oil, Jatropha oil and sesame oil. Comparative measures of brake thermal efficiency, smoke opacity, HC, CO, NO_X, ignition delay, combustion duration and heat release rates have been presented and discussed. Engine performance in terms of higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions (HC, CO, NO_X) with sesame oil methyl ester operation was observed compared to methyl esters of Honge and Jatropha oil operation.     

近期石油市场供需形势分析

5月份受SARS疫情影响,国内石油消费需求下降;另一方面,5月以来石油资源增势有所回落,原油及成品油的增幅较之1季度均有不同程度减缓,又加之受国际行情下挫等诸多因素的共同作用,使得国内持续走高的油价大幅下跌。在多方面力量推动下,进入6月以来上述情况有所缓解。通过对近期国内外经济走势的综合分析,认为随着SARS疫情得到有效控制,国内各油品市场油品销售将会有不同程度的提高,市场后期形势趋于回升。     

对燃油锅炉渣油供油系统的工艺改进

针对渣油特性及其应用过程中易发生的问题，介绍了供油系统的几项有效改进措施。