Titanium nitride promoted Ni-based SBA-15 catalyst for dry reforming of methane

Titanium nitride (TiN) promoted nickel catalysts were synthesized and employed as an alternative catalyst in dry reforming of methane (DRM). The series of this catalyst containing various amount of Ni and TiN was prepared in two steps, direct synthesis of SBA-15 in the presence of TiN and the impregnation of Ni. The influence of Ni and TiN loading on DRM reaction was investigated using a feed ratio of CH₄/CO₂ = 1, at 700 °C and atmospheric pressure for a duration of 4 h. The promising catalysts, that gave the highest feed conversions and product yields, were selected for further investigation, compared to non-promoted Ni catalyst using the same conditions but for 12 h of reaction. The results showed that the performance of Ni catalyst was improved by the incorporation of TiN. The modified catalysts provided not only high catalytic activity but also enhancement of coke resistance.     

Dry reforming of methane to syngas over lanthanum-modified mesoporous nickel aluminate/γ-alumina nanocomposites by one-pot synthesis

La-modified NiAl₂O₄/γ-Al₂O₃?La composites with mesoporous structures were prepared by one-pot template-free strategy and applied for dry reforming of methane (DRM) to syngas. The characterization results confirmed that these materials possessed high specific surface areas, large pore volumes and narrow pore size distributions. The reduced catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic properties as well as long-term stability for DRM reaction. Addition of La showed little influence on the catalyst structure and the mean sizes of metal Ni particles, but could enhance the medium-strength basicity and the accumulation of Ni²⁺ on the catalyst surface, resulting in the enhancement of intrinsic activity, the reduction of apparent activation energy, and the suppression of carbon deposition for DRM reaction. The catalyst containing 3 wt% La possessed the best catalytic performance. The characterization of spent catalysts also demonstrated that La could effectively prevent the phase transformation of γ-alumina in the DRM process.     

Boron-doped Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with enhanced coke resistance and catalytic performance for dry reforming of methane

Nickel-based heterogeneous catalysts have shown promising results in many industrial-scale catalytic reforming processes and hydrocarbon reforming reactions such as dry reforming of methane (DRM). However, it is also reported that Ni-based catalysts generally show less resistance to the carbonaceous deposition, which ultimately causes their rapid deactivation during the reaction. One possible solution to improve the coke resistance is the addition of a promoter to the catalyst, which has shown successful results to reduce the coke formation. Therefore, this study also aimed to prepare boron-promoted Ni-based catalysts and investigate their efficiency for DRM reactions. A series of different catalysts with 10% nickel and x% boron (x: 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5%) were prepared by using an ordered mesoporous silica as a support and tested in DRM. The results demonstrated that boron-promoted Ni/SBA-15 catalysts obtained significant catalytic activity for CH₄ and CO₂ conversions. Meanwhile, it was noticed that a lower concentration of boron (1 and 2%) was more favourable to achieve higher catalytic activity, whereas the higher concentration (3% and 5%) resulted in a comparatively lower conversion for CH₄ and CO₂. Evidently, the higher activity of 2% B-promoted catalyst was ascribed to the synergistic effect of high surface area and lower crystallite size that greatly improved the active sites accessibility. Moreover, the results confirmed 14% carbon deposition on unpromoted (NS) catalyst and it was reduced to 1.3% for 2% boron-promoted catalyst owing to the presence of B-OH species on catalyst surface.     

Design of Ni/La2O3 catalysts for dry reforming of methane: Understanding the impact of synthesis methods

Fine-tuning of materials properties, particularly the catalytic properties, through innovative synthesis procedures has gained an increased research interest in the last decades. It is well known that synthesis procedures have considerable impact on the physio-chemical properties of the synthesized materials even if the chemical composition is maintained. Herein, we investigated the impact of selected synthesis methods on the catalytic performance of Ni/La₂O₃ for the dry reforming of methane (DRM), a challenging reaction known for severe coking. Although this catalyst has been frequently studied for DRM, however, tuning the structure-activity relationship by varying the synthesis routes has not been reported. Herein, the chosen synthesis techniques; for example the solution combustion synthesis (Ni/La-SC), sol-gel (Ni/La-SG), homogeneous precipitation (Ni/La-HP), solvothermal (Ni/La-ST), and modified oleylamine-assisted synthesis (Ni/La-ME); considerably affected the morphology, metal support interaction (MSI), and surface area of Ni/La₂O₃ catalysts leading to variation in their performance for DRM. The investigated catalysts were thoroughly characterized by using SEM-EDX, TEM, N₂-physisorption, XRD, XPS, and H₂-TPR to understand the structural properties. Their catalytic performance towards the DRM was evaluated by varying the temperature between 550 and 800 °C. DRM experiments demonstrated that among the studied catalysts, Ni/La-SC showed the best performance for DRM with a high catalytic activity and coking resistance. For instance, Ni/La-SC revealed the highest CO₂ and CH₄ conversions i.e. 97.9 ± 1.5% and 96.6 ± 1.8%, respectively at 800 °C. The same sample revealed the highest hydrogen yield i.e. 71.9% and the highest H₂/CO ratio i.e. 1.03 ± 0.013 at the same temperature. The results revealed that Ni/La-SC demonstrated the lowest increment (20.9%) in the Ni crystallite size after DRM reaction, highest durability, and the lowest rate of coke formation (42 ± 5.2 mg C/g_catalyst) over an operating period of 100 h at 800 °C. The outstanding performance of Ni/La-SC catalyst was credited to the small crystallite size of Ni, high Ni⁰/Ni²⁺ ratio, high BET area, and a good dispersion of nickel sites over the La₂O₃ support. The obtained results may open new frontiers for size and shape-controlled synthesis of nanostructured metals/metal oxides catalysts with controllable morphologies and dispersion that can lead to desirable catalytic properties.     

Study of coking and catalyst stability over CaO promoted Ni-based MCF synthesized by different methods for CH4/CO2 reforming reaction

CaO doped Ni/MCF catalysts were prepared by conventional incipient wetness impregnation and sol-gel methods for the study of methane dry reforming reaction. The fresh and used catalysts were characterized using H₂ temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and O₂ temperature-programmed oxidation (O₂-TPO). XRD exhibited that CaO and Ni particles are dispersed on the surface of catalyst. The Ni:CaO ratio was adjusted for the improvement of pore textural properties on behalf of enhancement of metal particle dispersion for increased catalytic performance and anti-coking. The catalytic performance and stability of the catalysts for methane dry reforming reaction were studied at 700–750 °C at atmospheric pressure with GHSV of 24000 mL g^?1h^?1 having same feed ratio of CH₄:CO₂ = 1. Experimental results exhibited that catalyst prepared by a sol-gel method showed superior catalytic activity, stability and resisted carbon deposition than catalyst prepared incipient wetness impregnation method. Among all tested catalysts 9CaO 9Ni/MCF catalyst remained the best for catalytic performance and anti-coking activity due to higher metal dispersion with small metal particles, as well as the synergetic effect between CaO and Ni. During 75 h stability test over the catalyst 9CaO 9Ni/MCF the CH₄ and CO₂ conversion remained 91% and 99% respectively.     

Mo-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst for dry reforming of methane

Mo-promoted alumina supported Ni catalysts were prepared through a conventional impregnation method and tested in dry reforming of methane (DRM) at temperatures from 550 to 850 °C. The catalysts were characterized by means of H₂-temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), CO₂-temperature programmed desorption (CO₂-TPD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ physisorption and Raman spectroscopy. Mo-promotion caused a reduction in the DRM catalytic activity. The weaker interaction between NiO species and the alumina support, the formation of a MoNi₄ phase, and the lower basicity of this Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst were identified as the main causes for its lower activity. However, pre-reducing the Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst at temperatures lower than 700 °C, instead of 900 °C, resulted in a considerable increase of its catalytic activity. This was mainly due to the formation of a separate Ni⁰ phase that did not interact with Mo and to an increase in medium strength basicity.     

Production of hydrogen by methane dry reforming: A study on the effect of cerium and lanthanum on Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst performance

Hydrogen production from dry reforming of methane (DRM) was investigated on different Nickel based catalysts deposited on MgAl₂O₄. MgAl₂O₄ spinel was prepared using γ-Alumina supplied from different manufacturers (Sigma Aldrich, Alfa Aesar and Degussa) with low and high specific surface area. Moreover, the influence of different parameters on the catalytic activity on methane dry reforming was studied such as the effect of Ni content, the effect of commercial alumina and the effect of doping nickel with cerium and lanthanum.During this study, the catalytic activity was compared at atmospheric pressure at 750 °C during 4 h then 650 °C during 4 h toward methane dry reforming (DRM) reaction with a molar ratio CH₄/CO₂ = 1/1 and a Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) of 60.000 mL g⁻¹.h⁻¹. The results showed that among the different catalysts 1.5Ce–Ni5/MgAl₂O₄, synthesized with alumina from Alfa Aesar, exhibited the best catalytic activity for DRM.Furthermore, this catalyst showed the best performance during a stability test at 600 °C for 24 h under reacting mixture with a low carbon formation rate (2.71 mg_C/g_cat/h). Such superior activity is consistent with characterization results from BET, XRD, SEM, TPR and TPO analysis. Furthermore, it seems that the addition of Cerium on Ni/MgAl₂O₄ leads to an increase in catalyst efficiency. It can be due to an effective active oxygen transfer due to the redox properties of CeO_2, leading to the formation of oxygen vacancies offering a benefit for DRM reaction.     

Glycine-assisted preparation of highly dispersed Ni/SiO2 catalyst for low-temperature dry reforming of methane

Ni-based catalysts have been widely studied in reforming methane with carbon dioxide. However, Ni-based catalysts tends to form carbon deposition at low temperatures (≤600 °C), compared with high temperatures. In this paper, a series of Ni/SiO₂-XG catalysts were prepared by the glycine-assisted incipient wetness impregnation method, in which X means the molar ratio of glycine to nitrate. XRD, H₂-TPR, TEM and XPS results confirmed that the addition of glycine can increase Ni dispersion and enhance the metal-support interaction. When X ≥ 0.3, these catalysts have strong metal-support interaction and small Ni particle size. The Ni/SiO₂-0.7G catalyst has the best catalytic performance in dry reforming of methane (DRM) test at 600 °C, and its CH₄ conversion is 3.7 times that of Ni/SiO₂-0G catalyst. After 20 h reaction under high GHSV (6 × 10⁵ ml/g_cat/h), the carbon deposition of Ni/SiO₂-0.7G catalyst is obviously lower than that of Ni/SiO₂-0G catalyst. Glycine-assisted impregnation method can enhance the metal-support interaction and decrease the metal particle size，which is a method to prepare highly dispersed and stable Ni-based catalyst.     

Low temperature steam reforming of methane using metal oxide promoted Ni-Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 catalysts in a compact reformer

Metal oxide (MgO, CaO, and La₂O₃) promoted Ni-Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ catalysts have been applied for low-temperature steam reforming of methane (SRM), and the promoter effect was investigated. The addition of the metal oxides improved the basicity which enhances the resistance coke formation and catalytic activity. Among the prepared catalysts, the Ni-La₂O₃-Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ catalyst exhibited high activity and stability at a very high gas hourly space velocity of 621,704 h^?1. This was mainly due to high dispersion of Ni, strong basicity of La₂O₃, and strong interaction between Ni and La₂O₃.     

Carbon nanofibers decorated SiC foam monoliths as the support of anti-sintering Ni catalyst for methane dry reforming

A silicon carbide (SiC) foam monolith decorated with a carbon nanofibers (CNFs) layer was employed as the catalyst support for Ni-based catalyst preparation, used for the CO₂ dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction. The loading amount of CNFs on the SiC foam monolith was 6.6 wt.%, which obviously increased the surface area of the pristine SiC foam from 4 m²/g to 24 m²/g. The prepared CNFs layer strongly attached to the pristine SiC surface and was considerably stable even after 100 h time on stream (TOS) DRM reaction. The CNFs decorated SiC composite support provided more anchorage sites for improving the dispersion of the Ni particles and enhanced the metal-support interaction compared to the pristine SiC support. Compared with other catalysts such as Ni/SiC and Ni/CNFs, the Ni/CNFs-SiC catalyst exhibited not only the highest activity but also remarkable stability during DRM reaction. The XPS and SEM-EDS results showed that the carbon deposition over the nickel surface of Ni/CNFs-SiC catalyst was much less than those of Ni/SiC and Ni/CNFs catalysts. In addition, the XRD analysis verified that almost no sintering of nickel particle was detected over the Ni/CNFs-SiC catalyst, which was prepared with CNFs-SiC composite as catalyst support, even after 100 h TOS DRM reaction at 750 °C.     

Low-temperature catalytic conversion of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) to syngas over ceria-magnesia mixed oxide supported nickel catalysts

Running dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction at low-temperature is highly regarded to increase thermal efficiency. However, the process requires a robust catalyst that has a strong ability to activate both CH₄ and CO₂ as well as strong resistance against deactivation at the reaction conditions. Thus, this paper examines the prospect of DRM reaction at low temperature (400–600 °C) over CeO₂–MgO supported Nickel (Ni/CeO₂–MgO) catalysts. The catalysts were synthesized and characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption/desorption, FE-SEM, H₂-TPR, and TPD-CO₂ methods. The results revealed that Ni/CeO₂–MgO catalysts possess suitable BET specific surface, pore volume, reducibility and basic sites, typical of heterogeneous catalysts required for DRM reaction. Remarkably, the activity of the catalysts at lower temperature reaction indicates the workability of the catalysts to activate both CH₄ and CO₂ at 400 °C. Increasing Ni loading and reaction temperature has gradually increased CH₄ conversion. 20 wt% Ni/CeO₂–MgO catalyst, CH₄ conversion reached 17% at 400 °C while at 900 °C it was 97.6% with considerable stability during the time on stream. Whereas, CO₂ conversions were 18.4% and 98.9% at 400 °C and 900 °C, respectively. Additionally, a higher CO₂ conversion was obtained over the catalysts with 15 wt% Ni content when the temperature was higher than 600 °C. This is because of the balance between a high number of Ni active sites and high basicity. The characterization of the used catalyst by TGA, FE-SEM and Raman Spectroscopy confirmed the presence of amorphous carbon at lower temperature reaction and carbon nanotubes at higher temperature.     

Anti-sintering mesoporous Ni–Pd bimetallic catalysts for hydrogen production via dry reforming of methane

In this work, a series of mesoporous silica supported nickel or nickel-palladium catalysts were synthesized and performed in dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction for producing syngas. Compared with the monometallic catalyst, the Ni–Pd bimetallic catalysts, especially synthesized by the OA-assisted route, exhibited promising yields of H₂ and CO in the catalytic DRM reaction, achieved at 63% and 69% over NiPd-SP-OA bimetallic catalyst at the reaction temperature of 700 °C, respectively. TEM image results confirmed that no obvious sintering phenomenon happened on spent NiPd-SP-OA bimetallic catalyst within 1550 min time-on-stream reaction. Based on the results of XRD, XPS and H₂-TPR, it could be known that the superior catalytic performance on NiPd-SP-OA catalyst were main ascribed to the smaller-sized Ni nanoparticles with a uniform metal dispersion and a larger fraction of exposed active sites (Ni⁰).     

Syngas production from dry reforming of methane over ni/perlite catalysts: Effect of zirconia and ceria impregnation

Ni catalysts with nominal loadings ranging between 2.5 and 20 wt% were synthesized over perlite by wet impregnation, then filtered, washed and calcined at 500 °C. Chemical analyses performed by MP-AES revealed that the maximum Ni content loaded over perlite corresponded to ～15 wt%. Therefore, for comparison reasons, a Ni(20 wt%)/perlite catalyst was prepared by wetness impregnation without performing any washing treatment. The so prepared catalysts were tested in methane dry reforming without performing any pre-treatment reduction. The catalytic performances were compared by increasing the temperature from 500 up to 800 °C under the reaction mixture composed of 15 vol% CH₄ + 15 vol% CO₂/N₂. Ni(15 wt%)/perlite was the most active catalyst among the series of monometallic samples. The effect of co-impregnating perlite with Ni and Zr or Ni and Ce precursors in order to obtain catalysts with final composition, Ni(15 wt%), 10 and 20 wt% as Zr or Ce, perlite (75 or 65 wt%) was, then, investigated. Characterizations performed by XRD, BET, DRS and H₂-TPR evidenced that the physico-chemical and reduction properties are influenced by the Ni content and by the presence of zirconia and ceria oxides. It is worth of noting the increased reducibility of NiO species promoted by zirconia and ceria addition. The catalytic activity in the dry reforming of methane was also affected by the presence of doping oxides, in terms of enhanced CH₄ and CO₂ conversions and higher H₂/CO atomic ratios. Runs tests at 700 °C for 12 h were carried out and the spent catalysts were analysed by TGA and TEM. Over Ni(15 wt%)/perlite large amount of amorphous carbon grows on the surface blocking the active centres, while zirconia and ceria doping improved the resistance to carbon poisoning favouring growing of filamentous carbon residues in small amount.     

Thermogravimetric analysis of coking during dry reforming of methane

Nickel-based catalysts used for dry reforming of methane (DRM) suffer from coking and sintering, which hinders the broad application of the process in the industry. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to investigate coking on a commercial nickel catalyst with an anti-coking additive (CaO). It was found that the catalyst sintered at temperatures between 850 and 900 °C, which resulted in permanent catalyst deactivation. For the tested Ni/CaO–Al₂O₃ catalyst, the coking and carbon gasification rates are equal at the temperatures of 796–860 °C, depending on the heating rate (5–20 K/min). Significant differences in the temperatures related to the maxima on TG curves for various heating rates follow from DRM kinetics. This work reveals that the coking rate is lower at higher temperatures. After 50 min, the weight gains amount to about 20% and 40% at 800 °C and 600 °C, respectively. Lower sample weight gains were observed at higher temperatures for a methane decomposition reaction over the Ni/CaO catalyst, unlike for the second tested catalyst – activated carbon. For the nickel catalyst, the reaction order for methane decomposition is 0.6 in the temperature range 640–800 °C, while the sign of the activation energy changes at 700 °C. The elaborated kinetic equation predicts the initial CH₄ decomposition rate with 15% accuracy.     

Coke minimization via SiC formation in dry reforming of methane conducted in the presence of Ni-based core–shell microsphere catalysts

Mesoporous Ni/Si microsphere catalysts were synthesized with a modified sol–gel microencapsulation method and their activity was tested in dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction. Results indicated comparable conversion values and H₂/CO ratios with other catalysts reported in literature. Activity loss of 5% determined with time on stream analysis of 5% Ni/Si catalyst revealed that sustainable production could have been possible in the presence of these catalysts. Coke deposition which was frequently stated as the reason of activity loss was not observed with Ni/Si microsphere catalysts. Taking into account the impossibility of eliminating methane cracking and Boudard reaction during DRM, we should come up with an explanation of the absence of coke. This explanation was provided by silicon carbide (SiC) formation which consumed the coke deposited on the catalyst. Characterization analyses conducted at spent catalysts validated both the absence of coke and formation of SiC during DRM.     

Production of syngas via CO2 methane reforming process: Effect of cerium and calcium promoters on the performance of Ni-MSC catalysts

The dry reforming of methane (DRM) over Ni-MSC catalysts promoted by different Ce/Ca ratios was compared. The different Ce/Ca ratios proportions were introduced by coprecipitation. The catalysts with different content of promoter were characterized by N₂ adsorption, XRD, H₂-TPR and TEM. XRD and TEM results demonstrated that Ni–4Ce1Ca-MSC catalyst modified with high Ce/Ca had the best dispersibility and the smallest Ni particle size, resulting in more surface active sites. The synergy between Ce and Ca made a great contribution to prohibiting the generation of carbon deposits and the sintering of active metal during DRM procession. In contrast, catalysts modified only with Ca or Ce exhibited poor catalytic performance, resulting in significant deposition of carbon on the surface of the Ni–5Ca-MSC catalyst. In addition, the high Ce concentration greatly increases the oxygen storage capacity, which helps to form oxygen vacancies by mutual conversion of Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ and Ni²⁺/Ni⁰.     

Synthetic gas production by dry reforming of methane over Ni/Al2O3–ZrO2 catalysts: High H2/CO ratio

Alumina prepared by the sol-gel method, was impregnated with zirconia (5, 15 and 30 wt.%). Subsequently, the resulting Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ supports were impregnated with 15% Ni to obtain the Ni/Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ catalysts. The obtained catalysts were characterized by BET, SEM, XRD, H₂-TPR and TPD- CO₂. The catalytic activity was studied by means of dry reforming of methane (DRM) for syngas production. The catalysts displayed different physicochemical properties and trends of their catalytic activity as a function of the ZrO₂ content in the mixed oxide supports. For instance, ZrO₂ (5 wt %) in the catalyst, led to enhanced concentration of the medium strength basic sites and increased specific surface area, yielding thus the best performance in the DRM, with low carbon deposition after 36 h of reaction, compared with the other catalysts. This indicates that during the DRM reaction, this catalyst can provide more surface oxygen to prevent carbon deposits that could deactivate the catalyst.     

Lanthanum chromite based composite anodes for dry reforming of methane

Composite anodes containing La_0.6Sr_0.4CrO_3-δ (LSCr) and Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O₂ (GDC) infiltrated with 5 or 10 wt% Ni were investigated as potential catalysts for dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction in methane rich mixtures. Powders were characterized and tested as catalysts for DRM reaction. Ni-infiltrated composite anodes were used for fuel cell tests and compared to Ni-free anodes. Electrochemical tests were performed in different gas mixtures to evaluate the anodic performance in externally reformed biogas (external reforming mode). The design of an external layer of composite anode achieved the internal DMR reaction (internal reforming mode).     

Current advances in syngas (CO + H2) production through bi-reforming of methane using various catalysts: A review

Today, bi - reforming of methane is considered as an emerging replacement for the generation of high-grade synthesis gas (H₂:CO = 2.0), and also as an encouraging renewable energy substitute for fossil fuel resources. For achieving high conversion levels of CH₄, H₂O, and CO₂ in this process, appropriate operation variables such as pressure, temperature and molar feed constitution are prerequisites for the high yield of synthesis gas. One of the biggest stumbling blocks for the methane reforming reaction is the sudden deactivation of catalysts, which is attributed to the sintering and coke formation on active sites. Consequently, it is worthwhile to choose promising catalysts that demonstrate excellent stability, high activity and selectivity during the production of syngas. This review describes the characterisation and synthesis of various catalysts used in the bi-reforming process, such as Ni-based catalysts with MgO, MgO–Al₂O₃, ZrO_2, CeO₂, SiO₂ as catalytic supports. In summary, the addition of a Ni/SBA-15 catalyst showed greater catalytic reactivity than nickel celites; however, both samples deactivated strongly on stream. Ce-promoted catalysts were more found to more favourable than Ni/MgAl₂O₄ catalyst alone in the bi-reforming reaction due to their inherent capability of removing amorphous coke from the catalyst surface. Also, Lanthanum promoted catalysts exhibited greater nickel dispersion than Ni/MgAl₂O₄ catalyst due to enhanced interaction between the metal and support. Furthermore, La₂O₃ addition was found to improve the selectivity, activity, sintering and coking resistance of Ni implanted within SiO₂. Non-noble metal-based carbide catalysts were considered to be active and stable catalysts for bi-reforming reactions. Interestingly, a five-fold increase in the coking resistance of the nickel catalyst with Al₂O₃ support was observed with incorporation of Cr, La₂O₃ and Ba for a continuous reaction time of 140 h. Bi-reforming for 200 h with Ni-γAl₂O₃ catalyst promoted 98.3% conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ conversion of around 82.4%. Addition of MgO to the Ni catalyst formed stable MgAl₂O₄ spinel phase at high temperatures and was quite effective in preventing coke formation due to enhancement in the basicity on the surface of catalyst. Additionally, the distribution of perovskite oxides over 20 wt % silicon carbide-modified with aluminium oxide supports promoted catalytic activity. NdCOO₃ catalysts were found to be promising candidates for longer bi-reforming operations.