太阳能空调的研究与发展

介绍了发展太阳能空调的基础和意义，阐述了国内太阳能空调的发展和现状，并以１００ｋＷ太阳能空调系统为例，指出太阳能空调产业化、开发小型家用太阳能空调、太阳能和建筑物相结合的热－电－冷联供系统，是今后发展方向。     

中国太阳能产业面临五大瓶颈

中国太阳能产业的快速发展，受到了世界的关注。据悉，中国太阳能集热器保有量已占全世界的76％，并成为世界上太阳能集热器最大的生产和使用国。业内人士认为，当前中国太阳能产业发展仍存在一些障碍，太阳能产业的发展要实现量到质的转变，仍需突破“五大瓶颈”。     

国内太阳能热利用现状与发展

介绍了国内太阳能热利用技术在各个领域的应用现状，重点介绍了太阳能集热器，太阳房，太阳能干燥,太阳能制冷等技术的发展，同时介绍了相关研究单位的示范项目与实例。     

国内太阳能热利用简况

介绍了我国太阳能热利用技术在各个领域的应用现状，重点介绍了太阳能集热器、太阳房、太阳能干燥、太阳能制冷等技术的发展，同时介绍了相关研究单位的示范项目与实例。     

太阳能半导体制冷技术的发展和前景

介绍了太阳能半导体制冷系统的工作原理和基本结构，指出了提高太阳能半导体制冷效率的技术关键，阐述了太阳能半导体制冷技术的发展现状和应用前景。     

浙江省太阳能开发利用的现状及设想

介绍了浙江省太阳能开发利用的发展历程，太阳能热水器，干燥装置等推广应用的主要成果，并对今后的发展提出了几点设想。     

徐州地区的太阳能源利用前景分析

通过对徐州地区太阳能月平均日总辐射量和辐射强度等指标的计算，从理论上验证了徐州地区有丰富的太阳能资源。比较了徐州地区冬季燃煤采暖燃煤量（标准煤11.2kg/m^2）与利用太阳能采暖所能获得的能量（相当于燃用标准煤60.2kg/m^2)。研究结果表明在徐州地区利用太阳能采暖，太阳能干燥，太阳能制冷技术以及发展绿色发展农业将会显著的经济生态和社会效益。     

增强技术创新能力使太阳能热水器行业再上新台阶

太阳能热水器是目前新能源和可再生能源产业发展最快，技术日趋成熟，最具发展潜力的产品之一。到 1999年，全国太阳能热水器累计拥有量为 2000万 m2。近几年，平均增长率为 25％～ 30％，预计 2000年的产量达 500万 m2，全国太阳能热水器拥有量和生产能力居世界第一位，年产值达 45～ 50亿元。今后，要继续加强技术创新，使我国太阳能热水器产业的发展再上一个新台阶。 1我国太阳能热水器产业发展现状 　　3年前，针对我国太阳能热水器发展提出的“生产上规模，技术上水平，产品上档次，市场要规范”的口号，对产业的发展起到了很好的指导…     

太阳能热发电厂厂用电率计算方法分析

文章主要解决了太阳能热发电设计领域的厂用电计算思路及方法的问题。太阳能热发电已成为我国新能源发电的重要发展方向，太阳能热发电厂用电率的计算目前还没有相关的规程规范。在研究过程中，采用对太阳能热发电厂的运行模式与火力发电厂运行模式进行对比分析的方法，得出火力发电厂厂用电率的计算方法不适用于太阳能热发电厂的研究结果。通过对槽式太阳能热发电厂集热场系统、吸热传热系统、储热系统、常规岛系统分别进行分析，提出了槽式太阳能热发电厂厂用电量的计算方法，得出了太阳能热发电厂应采用长序列代表年辐照值，逐时计算代表年的发电量和厂用电量，以其比值来计算厂用电率的结论；提出了槽式太阳能热发电厂厂用电率的计算思路和方法，可供塔式太阳能热发电厂参考，对我国太阳能热发电厂的设计发展起到推动作用。     

我国太阳能热水器发展形势喜人

我国太阳能热水器发展形势喜人李先航自７０年代以来，在政府有关部门的领导和支持下，经广大太阳能科技工作者和产业界人士的不懈努力，引进、消化、吸收国外太阳能先进技术和设备，近几年我国太阳能热水器发展出现了前所未有的大好形势，这一造福于民的产品正在大步走进...     

Report on the Photovoltaic R&D Program in Hawaii

Photovoltaic systems provide one of the best options to generate energy in Hawaii, a state that is more than 90 percent dependent on imported oil for its energy supply. Hawaii's excellent year-round insolation rates will contribute to the success of solar energy projects. The Hawaii Natural Energy Institute's program to accelerate utilization of PV power in Hawaii has thus far consisted of a continuation of a 50-year data base of solar insolation; an experimental program with grid-connected residential PV systems; and public information dissemination on PV technology and performance. HNEI is now developing a program that includes: (1) compiling a solar data base that includes a full solar resource assessment, with spectral analysis and measurement of direct insolation, (2) tests of various PV devices relative to insolation; (3) test and evaluation of contemporary PV powered systems (e.g. water pumping, refrigeration, communication and stand-alone residential applications) under various tropical island conditions; and (4) a technology transfer effort aimed at Hawaii and other Pacific Basin islands, including cost-benefit and market analyses.     

太阳能LED杀虫灯的研究

太阳能光伏和LED照明技术是最有前景的无公害灭虫技术之一.为了开发低成本的无公害灭虫技术,设计了一种太阳能光伏LED杀虫灯系统.通过试验研究,取得了一定的效果.文章简述了害虫的趋光性、LED灯的光学特性和基于LED的杀虫技术.     

The potential and economic viability of solar photovoltaic power in Ghana

In this study, the potentiality and economic viability of solar photovoltaic (PV) in Ghana was assessed using RETScreen software. 5 MW of grid-connected solar PV power system using SunPower SPR-320E-WHT-D PV module can be harnessed from Navrongo, Bawku, Wa, Tema, Bolgatanga, Axim, Salaga, Kintampo, Kete Krachi, Tamale, Hohoe, Koforidua, Ejura, Takoradi, Bole, Sunyani, Bibiani, Cape coast, Prestea, and Akuse, which requires US$17,752,179 of investment capital and 25,313 m² of land for PV installation. The potential of 5 MW grid-connected PV development for Accra, Kumasi, Wenchi, and Tafo are limited. However, there are solar PV energy potentials for low-capacity PV modules for these locations. Investing in solar photovoltaic technology is capital intensive in a developing country like Ghana. However, Government’s effort to provide incentives like subsidies and creating the economic environment for private sector investment will boost investment possibilities of renewable energy in Ghana, which can help in curbing the recent power outages and load shedding, thereby increasing productivity and economic resilience.     

Solar energy—A look into power generation,challenges, and a solar‐powered future

Sun is an inexhaustible source of energy capable of fulfilling all the energy needs of humankind. The energy from the sun can be converted into electricity or used directly. Electricity can be generated from solar energy either directly using photovoltaic (PV) cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP) technology. Progress has been made to raise the efficiency of the PV solar cells that can now reach up to approximately 34.1% in multi‐junction PV cells. Electricity generation from concentrated solar technologies has a promising future as well, especially the CSP, because of its high capacity, efficiency, and energy storage capability. Solar energy also has direct application in agriculture primarily for water treatment and irrigation. Solar energy is being used to power the vehicles and for domestic purposes such as space heating and cooking. The most exciting possibility for solar energy is satellite power station that will be transmitting electrical energy from the solar panels in space to Earth via microwave beams. Solar energy has a bright future because of the technological advancement in this field and its environment‐friendly nature. The biggest challenge however facing the solar energy future is its unavailability all‐round the year, coupled with its high capital cost and scarcity of the materials for PV cells. These challenges can be met by developing an efficient energy storage system and developing cheap, efficient, and abundant PV solar cells. This article discusses the solar energy system as a whole and provides a comprehensive review on the direct and the indirect ways to produce electricity from solar energy and the direct uses of solar energy. The state‐of‐the‐art procedures being employed for PV characterization and performance rating have been summarized . Moreover, the technical, economic, environmental, and storage‐related challenges are discussed with possible solutions. Furthermore, a comprehensive list of future potential research directions in the field of direct and indirect electricity generation from solar energy is proposed.     

太阳能光伏发电技术及其应用

随着现代工业的发展,全球能源危机和大气污染问题日益突出,太阳能作为理想的可再生能源受到了许多国家的重视。目前太阳能光伏发电技术正在迅速发展,应用的规模和范围也在不断地扩大,已成为当今世界新能源发电领域的一个研究热点。本文在介绍太阳能光伏发电基本原理的基础上,详细阐述了太阳能光伏发电的相关重要技术,论述了太阳能光伏发电技术的主要应用方式和应用领域,并分析了太阳能光伏发电技术的应用前景。     

Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar systems simulation with Simulink/Matlab

The purpose of this work consists in thermodynamic modeling of hybrid photovoltaic–thermal (PV/T) solar systems, pursuing a modular strategy approach provided by Simulink/Matlab.PV/T solar systems are a recently emerging solar technology that allows for the simultaneous conversion of solar energy into both electricity and heat. This type of technology present some interesting advantages over the conventional “side-by-side” thermal and PV solar systems, such as higher combined electrical/thermal energy outputs per unit area, and a more uniform and aesthetical pleasant roof area. Despite the fact that early research on PV/T systems can be traced back to the seventies, only recently it has gained a renewed impetus. In this work, parametric studies and annual transient simulations of PV/T systems are undertaken in Simulink/Matlab. The obtained results show an average annual solar fraction of 67%, and a global overall efficiency of 24% (i.e. 15% thermal and 9% electrical), for a typical four-person single-familiar residency in Lisbon, with p-Si cells, and a collector area of 6 m². A sensitivity analysis performed on the PV/T collector suggests that the most important variable that should be addressed to improve thermal performance is the photovoltaic (PV) module emittance. Based on those results, some additional improvements are proposed, such as the use of vacuum, or a noble gas at low-pressure, to allow for the removal of PV cells encapsulation without air oxidation and degradation, and thus reducing the PV module emittance. Preliminary results show that this option allows for an 8% increase on optical thermal efficiency, and a substantial reduction of thermal losses, suggesting the possibility of working at higher fluid temperatures. The higher working temperatures negative effect in electrical efficiency was negligible, due to compensation by improved optical properties. The simulation results are compared with experimental data obtained from other authors and perform reasonably well.The Simulink modeling platform has been mainly used worldwide on simulation of control systems, digital signal processing and electric circuits, but there are very few examples of application to solar energy systems modeling. This work uses the modular environment of Simulink/Matlab to model individual PV/T system components, and to assemble the entire installation layout. The results show that the modular approach strategy provided by Matlab/Simulink environment is applicable to solar systems modeling, providing good code scalability, faster developing time, and simpler integration with external computational tools, when compared with traditional imperative-oriented programming languages.     

Making the case for grid-connected photovoltaics in Brazil

In the developed world, grid-connected photovoltaics (PVs) are the fastest-growing segment of the energy market. From 1999 to 2009, this industry had a 42% compound annual growth-rate. From 2009 to 2013, it is expected to grow to 45%, and in 2013 the achievement of grid parity – when the cost of solar electricity becomes competitive with conventional retail (including taxes and charges) grid-supplied electricity – is expected in many places worldwide. Grid-connected PV is usually perceived as an energy technology for developed countries, whereas isolated, stand-alone PV is considered as more suited for applications in developing nations, where so many individuals still lack access to electricity. This rationale is based on the still high costs of PV when compared with conventional electricity. We make the case for grid-connected PV generation in Brazil, showing that with the declining costs of PV and the rising prices of conventional electricity, urban populations in Brazil will also enjoy grid parity in the present decade. We argue that governments in developing nations should act promptly and establish the mandates and necessary conditions for their energy industry to accumulate experience in grid-connected PV, and make the most of this benign technology in the near future.     

Analysis of the operational performance and efficiency characteristic for photovoltaic system in Hong Kong

The applications of photovoltaic (PV) systems have become more widespread in both developed and developing countries. The most critical exercise in designing a PV system is the determination of the optimum size of the solar panel and the battery capacity to meet the load demand with acceptable reliability. The amount of power generated by a PV system strongly depends on the availability of solar insolation at the required location. Also, the efficiency of a PV system is influenced considerably by a number of climatic variables, such as solar irradiance availability and ambient temperature. The technical information is provided for standard test conditions that may never occur in practice. Reliable knowledge of the performance of PV systems under actual operating conditions is essential for correct product selection and accurate performance prediction. This paper investigates the operational performance and efficiency characteristic of a small PV system installed at the City University of Hong Kong. The solar data and the power generated by the PV system are systematically recorded and analysed. The findings provide technical data in different months for designers and engineers to assess and size PV systems.     

A critical review of photovoltaic–thermal solar collectors for air heating

Integrated photovoltaic–thermal solar collectors have become of great interest in the solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) research communities. Solar thermal systems and solar PV systems have each advanced markedly, and combining the two technologies provides the opportunity for increased efficiency and expanded utilization of solar energy. In this article, the authors critically review photovoltaic–thermal solar collectors for air heating. Included is a review of photovoltaic thermal technology and recent advances, particularly as applied to air heaters. It is determined that the photovoltaic–thermal (PV/T) air heater is or may in the future be practicable for preheating air for many applications, including space heating and drying, and that integrated PV/T collectors deliver more useful energy per unit collector area than separate PV and thermal systems. Although PV/T collectors are promising, it is evident that further research is required to improve efficiency, reduce costs and resolve several technical design issues related to the collectors.     

Performance analysis of a directly coupled photovoltaic water-pumping system

The application of a stand-alone directly coupled photovoltaic (PV) electromechanical system for water pumping has increased in remote areas of developing countries. In this work, the performance of a PV-powered dc permanent-magnet (PM) motor coupled with a centrifugal pump has been analyzed at different solar intensities and corresponding cell temperature. The results obtained by experiments are compared with the calculated values, and it is observed that this system has a good match between the PV array and the electromechanical system characteristics. Through manual tracking (i.e., changing the orientation of PV array, three times a day to face the sun) the output obtained is 20% more compared to the fixed tilted PV array. It has been observed that the torque-speed curve at low solar intensities for a PV electromechanical system should be steeper than at higher solar intensities, and the load torque-speed curve should be as steep as possible in the operating region with low starting torque. The performance analysis will be helpful to select the suitable PV electromechanical system for water-pumping applications.