等离子体辅助丙酮低温氧化的研究

考虑到小分子含氧组分在等离子体助燃体系中重要的研究意义,本文以丙酮为研究载体,基于先进的分子束质谱诊断平台开展了研究.提供了详细的中间体组分信息,并基于此构建了丙酮等离子体的低温反应网络.结果表明,在等离子体放电激励的作用下,丙酮的燃料氢提取过程被加速,并且还伴随着明显的燃料碎片化过程.研究发现,无势垒反应在等离子体低...     

等离子炉和电炉喷煤技术

热等离子体由原子、分子、离子和电子组成,但是在两电极之间导电的是离子和电子。在等离子熔炼炉中,电弧由在炬和金属之间的氩气等离子气体传导。等离子炬可在交变电流下复炬操作,亦可在直流下使用一回路电极操作。两个先进的系统是Freital/veost-Alpine直流炉和克虏伯交流等离子炉。除了用100％等离子体的等离子炉外,还对电子加强的氧燃火焰产生等离子体用于熔炼进行了研究。     

汽油机利用非平衡等离子体强化燃烧的数值模拟

将低温等离子体作为点火技术应用于汽油机,需要克服高压环境放电不均匀的限制。高压纳秒脉冲放电可在汽油机内形成大面流注通道,扩大点火空间。该文研究了高压纳秒脉冲放电等离子体辅助汽油机点火的过程。利用放电动力学模型计算了内燃机环境下燃气混合物的放电过程,得到放电产生的组分及活性自由基的信息。并借助多区模型计算了放电产生的活性自由基对汽油燃烧的影响。结果表明:放电形成的自由基O、H能明显促进汽油的燃烧,缩短点火延迟时间,对提高稀燃极限有很大潜力。     

等离子体点火特性与强化燃烧的数值模拟与实验研究

我国低热值气体产量大,利用率低,因为热值较低容易造成点火困难和燃烧稳定性差等问题。等离子体点火与助燃技术通过其热力学作用、化学动力学作用和流体力学作用能够有效提高点火边界,并缩短点火延迟时间,因此是解决低热值燃料燃烧问题的有效方式。本文以某型舰用燃气轮机等离子点火器为实验对象,以数值模拟和实验研究为方法,总结了等离子体点火电压特性、火核发展过程以及影响等离子体射流特性的因素。为新型等离子点火器设计研发提供了一定的参考。     

基于35 kW等离子体炬典型生物质气化处置及多工况影响研究

等离子体热处理技术用于煤/生物质等固体燃料的气化转化具有能量密度高、反应速率快的优势,研发及应用前景广阔.本研究基于35 kW级直流非转移弧氮气等离子体炬搭建了一套固体燃料等离子体气化研究实验平台,以大米为厨余垃圾生物质典型组分,开展了一系列多工况条件下的等离子体气化反应实验,得出以下结论:等离子体炬的运行输出功率需与物料投入速率进行匹配,本研究表明单位热值的物料配合0.26倍能量的等离子体功率输入可达到最佳气化工况;等离子气化效率的提高与颗粒在等离子射流中的停留时间密切相关,物料颗粒粒径的大小需尽可能的保证停留时间的延长;等离子气化反应在过量空气系数约为0.1时达到最佳,低于传统气化工艺参数0.3;一定的水分有助于等离子气化反应的进行,本研究中最佳含水率为8.4％;等离子气化过程物料中加入5％的K2CO3盐有利于促进气化反应进行,同时降低气化残渣的石墨化程度;本研究最佳工况所实现的冷煤气效率为30.6％,仍需对系统进行优化以进一步提升气化效率.     

等离子体复合对助燃影响的计算与分析

分析了在等离子助燃条件下，燃烧室进口前等离子体复合的机理，计算和分析了复合度、平衡常数随等离子体温度、压力和密度的变化。计算结果表明：在等离子助燃条件下离子复合可使燃烧室进口的初温升高，离子密度下降，从而对燃烧室助燃产生有利和不利的影响，这就需要从总体上考虑，通过调节温度、压力、离子浓度等达到燃烧室最佳燃烧效果。     

脉冲放电等离子体处理含甲苯废气的实验研究

采用脉冲电晕放电等离子体技术,建立了一套等离子体降解VOCs的装置,选取甲苯为代表物质进行实验研究,考察放电电压、含甲苯废气流量、甲苯初始浓度对甲苯降解率的影响。结果表明,当放电电压为11. 5 kV,气流速率为12 L/h,甲苯初始浓度为500. 0 mg/m3时,甲苯去除率为85. 6%,脉冲电晕等离子体处理低浓度有机废气效果更好。     

低温等离子体转化NO的反应动力学研究

针对含有和不含有O2的两种模拟柴油机尾气(NO+N2和NO+N2+O2)在介质阻挡放电反应器中脱除NO的机理进行了分析,建立了利用低温等离子体去除和转化NO的反应动力学模型,并对处理NO的化学过程进行了反应动力学模拟,将模拟结果与自行设计的介质阻挡放电低温等离子体试验装置的试验数据[1]进行对比,验证了该动力学模型的合理性和正确性,并利用该机理模型,对反应体系中其余主要反应物种的浓度进行了模拟研究,得到了这些物种的浓度随停留时间的变化曲线.     

等离子体辅助甲烷燃烧的主要反应路径/通道

通过实验和模拟的方法,对等离子体辅助甲烷燃烧主要基元反应进行了研究.实验测量了等离子体辅助甲烷燃烧火焰不同位置的发射光谱图,得到了参与该过程的重要组分;模拟过程中,基于密度泛函理论,研究了甲烷燃烧反应中O_2+H→OH+O、CH_4+OH/O/H→CH_3+H_2O/OH/H_2、CH_3+O→CH_2O+H、CH_2O+OH/O/H→CO+H_2O/(H+H_2O)/(H+H_2)等几个重要基元反应,在B3LYP/6-311++G**水平找到了各反应可能的反应路径/通道,并进行分析.在此基础上,对比分析了放电等离子体作用下各反应路径/通道的变化,结果表明,在研究等离子体辅助甲烷燃烧机理时,应基于甲烷燃烧机理进行完善,通过加入*2HO(v)、O(1D)、CH_4(v)等激发态组分,并对一些基元反应进行拆分或合并,重新计算各反应活化能;生成的激发态组分会提升反应势能面,降低活化能,加速反应进程;在CH_2O与O/OH/H的反应中,放电等离子体可将生成的HCO直接分解,降低了HCO对H原子的消耗,同时还会释放一个H原子,有利于燃烧反应的进行.     

非平衡等离子体重整甲烷的动力学机理

采用数值模拟和实验研究相结合的方法研究了非平衡等离子体重整甲烷的动力学过程,结合实验数据,建立了低温下非平衡等离子体重整甲烷的详细反应动力学机理.与实验结果相比,该动力学机理可准确预测甲烷重整反应中甲烷转化率及各产物选择性的变化趋势.通过模拟研究了甲烷的放电特性,根据建立的机理研究获得反应路径并对积碳进行了深入分析,为等离子体与催化剂协同甲烷重整反应的机理研究奠定基础.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．