半周加热内螺纹管中超临界水传热特性的数值模拟及机理分析

为了研究700℃高效超超临界锅炉和超超临界循环流化床锅炉水冷壁管中工质水的流动传热规律和机理,采用SST k-ω湍流模型模拟了大比热容区内半周加热条件下长度为2 m、水力直径为19 mm的垂直上升四头内螺纹管中超临界水的流动传热特性。结果表明:半周加热条件下内螺纹管内壁温度和热流密度呈现类似抛物线分布,在内壁热流密度变化不大的局部区域(圆周角φ=0°～90°),内壁温度在肋底与背风侧交点处达到最大值,在肋顶与迎风侧交点处达到最小值,内壁热流密度的变化趋势与之相反,这是由内螺纹肋的旋流作用造成的,内壁热流密度的周向分布不是影响超临界水传热特性的唯一因素;超临界水发生传热强化现象主要是由于其在边界层内的比热容份额较大导致的,而与湍动能的大小无关。     

蒸汽侧氧化膜对超临界机组T92钢管壁温的影响

通过建立T92钢受热管及其蒸汽侧氧化膜的数值分析模型,定量分析了不同厚度氧化膜对T92钢受热管壁温的影响,并在此基础上得出了不同受热条件下导致T92钢管超温运行的氧化膜的临界厚度值.结果表明:随着氧化膜厚度的增加,管壁平均温度和平均温度升高幅度均呈近似线性增加;且管内壁温度越高、管外热流密度越大,氧化膜的临界厚度值越小.因此,当T92钢应用于高温受热面时,需综合考虑壁面热负荷和管内壁温度对氧化膜临界厚度的影响.     

过热器和再热器管道内壁氧化膜生长预测的新方法

通过对过热器/再热器管道的传热过程和拉-米公式进行研究,建立起预测管道内壁氧化膜生长的新的数值模型,并对某电厂的再热器管道进行了计算,将计算所得解析解与实际数据和模拟解进行对比.结果表明:基于数值模型的解析与模拟解有较好的一致性,并与实际数据吻合.但解析法的计算时间短、模型简单、便于现场操作,并且能够根据氧化膜的实际厚度计算出管壁各界面温度.     

氧化膜的生长对管壁温度和氧化膜温度的影响

管壁温度是评估电站锅炉受热面的热效率和锅炉安全运行的重要参数,根据传热学理论并利用L-M经验公式对管道的传热过程进行了研究,建立了具有氧化膜的受热面管道传热的数值模型,并对某再热器管道的传热过程进行计算,得到了管道各个界面温度与氧化膜厚度随着管道运行时间的变化趋势,定量地解释了管道各个界面温度随时间增长的原因,提出了氧化膜增长的敏感系数.     

燃煤电厂锅炉辐射受热面温度及热应力分析

建立了超临界锅炉膜式水冷壁有限元数学模型,结合炉膛分区热力计算的相关理论,求得管内对流换热系数和管外炉侧平均热流密度。应用ANSYS WORKBENCH软件,模拟得出各区段水冷壁截面温度及热应力分布。结果表明:各区段温度及热应力的分布规律基本相同,最高温度集中在鳍片向火侧的顶点附近;最大热应力集中在管内向火侧的壁面附近;针对区段4研究了管壁厚度变化、鳍片厚度变化、鳍片长度变化,得出结论:温度和热应力具有同等的变化属性,随着管壁厚度和鳍片长度的变化呈正比变化趋势;随着鳍片厚度的变化呈反比趋势。     

水平管外TFE/NMP部分膜状冷凝热、质耦合传递过程研究

通过对水平管外双组分(TFE／NMP为三氟乙醇／氮甲基吡咯烷酮)部分膜状冷凝过程特点的分析，建立起部分膜状冷凝过程中热质传递过程的物理模型。以双膜理论为基础，利用部分膜状冷凝的特点，通过对界面传质、液膜内质量平衡、界面相平衡、界面能量平衡和汽膜截面能量平衡的分析计算，得到汽相温度和界面温度分布、汽相及液相NMP质量分数分布，由此进一步计算出冷凝膜厚分布、液膜传热系数分布和热流密度的分布。计算的热流密度与相关实验作了比较，发现与实验能较好的吻合。     

1 000 MW超临界塔式锅炉垂直水冷壁内工质流动与传热特性分析

以某1 000 MW超临界塔式锅炉水冷壁垂直管圈为研究对象,根据半侧绝热、半侧变热流和Y型三通的边界条件建立三维模型,进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明:在100%BMCR工况下,垂直管圈中超临界水入口温度为718.8 K,出口温度为729.8 K。内壁面的温度和超临界水的流速会受到截面积的影响,截面减小使得内壁面温度降低,流速增加;分析了传热系数对体积比热容和轴向流速的影响,发现体积比热容和传热系数变化趋势一致,轴向流动会极大影响传热;并最终拟合出新的符合垂直水冷壁工况的Nu准则式。     

锅炉高温受热面蒸汽侧氧化膜在线监测技术研究

建立了高温受热面炉内壁温在线监测模型、氧化膜生长模型、氧化膜应力在线监测计算模型和氧化膜脱落评估模型等.在此基础上,开发了锅炉高温受热面蒸汽侧氧化膜管理系统,并利用该系统对某600MW超临界锅炉高温受热面炉内管壁温度和蒸汽侧氧化膜厚度及应力状态进行实时计算与分析.结果表明:利用该系统可以减小沿烟道宽度方向的热偏差,有效降低偏差屏的炉内温度,减缓管内氧化膜生成速率;通过对温度变化速率、氧化膜应力状态的实时监测,可以积极预防氧化膜的脱落和堆积.     

超临界压力区倾斜上升光管壁温分布与传热特性的试验研究

在超临界压力下,对倾角α=20°的25×2.5(mm)不锈钢倾斜上升光管内水的传热特性及管壁温分布进行了试验研究。试验参数范围:p=23~28MPa,质量流速G=600~1200kg/(m2s),平均内壁热流密度q=300~600kW/m2。试验结果表明:倾斜管壁温及传热系数沿周向分布不均匀;不均匀分布特性在不同焓值区不同;在略低于拟临界焓值区,管壁面换热系数有一个峰值;提高质量流速可减小不均匀性,压力对拟临界焓值区的传热特性和不均匀性影响较明显;内壁平均热流密度对不均匀性和传热的影响大,在较低热流密度时,上母线温度最高,下母线的温度最低,而在高热流密度时,侧面的温度最高。并研究了因为浮力引起的自然对流对不均匀性的影响。图6参9     

600 MW超临界“W”型火焰锅炉优化内螺纹管壁温及热负荷分布试验研究

在超临界"W"火焰锅炉水冷壁上设计安装了监测管内外壁温及管内工质温度的测量装置,得到了优化内螺纹垂直水冷壁管壁温、管内工质温度及典型负荷下炉膛截面热负荷分布等实炉运行数据。试验及研究结果表明:在机组由亚临界到超临界的转换过程中,管水冷壁管内外壁温与管内工质温度呈现剧烈变化状态,在超临界负荷下,内壁与工质的换热明显减弱,水冷壁的安全性受到威胁;管内外壁温差及内壁与工质温差沿炉膛宽度和深度方向均呈现中间高两侧低的分布,水冷壁向火侧管外壁温度大大低于设计值,水冷壁有较大的安全裕量,实际炉膛截面热负荷分布介于两种设计热负荷值之间。     

Turbulent convection mass transfer of water with internal mass sources

Convective turbulent mass transfer in heated tubes is modeled with internal mass sources resulting from crystallization. The analysis considers the influence of internal mass sources on the concentration distribution, average concentration of colloidal particles and dissolved impurities, and the mass flux at the wall. It was found that if the mass transfer coefficient in the case which considers internal mass sources is defined properly, the Sherwood number and the mass transfer coefficient with internal mass sources are equal to those without internal mass sources. The mass flux and the increase in the wall temperature beneath the iron oxide deposit layer were predicted using two crystallization models. The model predicting crystallization at the wall only is recommended based on predictions of the maximum increase in the wall temperature beneath the deposit layer. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 29(3): 166–180, 2000     

Experimental investigation of falling film evaporation on horizontal tubes

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation relating to heat transfer during evaporation of thin liquid films falling over horizontal tubes. Experiments were conducted using 25 mm o.d. copper tubes heated by internal electrical cartridge heaters so that a uniform heat flux was generated on the outside tube surface. Five heated tubes were arrayed on a vertical plane with a pitch of 50 mm. Freon R-11 preheated to the saturation temperature at 0.2 MPa was supplied to the topmost heated tube through feeding tubes. Heat transfer characteristics on each heated tube were clarified in a range of film Reynolds number from 10 to 2000 and the measured data are presented in the form of correlations. Deterioration of heat transfer due to film break down was also considered. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 27(8): 609–618, 1998     

Asymmetrical Non-Uniform Heat Flux Distributions For Laminar Flow Heat Transfer With Mixed Convection In a Horizontal Circular Tube

Non-symmetric heat flux distributions in terms of gravity in solar collector tubes influence buoyancy-driven secondary flow which has an impact on the associated heat transfer and pressure drop performance. In this study the influence of the asymmetry angle (0°, 20°, 30° and 40°) with regard to gravity for non-uniform heat flux boundaries in a horizontal circular tube was investigated numerically. A stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 62.68 mm, a wall thickness of 5.16 mm, and a length of 10 m was considered for water inlet temperatures ranging from 290 K to 360 K and inlet Reynolds numbers ranging from 130 to 2000. Conjugate heat transfer was modelled for different sinusoidal type outer surface heat flux distributions with a base-level incident heat flux intensity of 7.1 kW/m². It was found that average internal heat transfer coefficients increased with the circumferential span of the heat flux distribution. Average internal and axial local heat transfer coefficients and overall friction factors were at their highest for symmetrical heat flux cases (gravity at 0º) and lower for asymmetric cases. The internal heat transfer coefficients also increased with the inlet fluid temperature and decreased with an increase in the external heat loss transfer coefficient. Friction factors decreased with an increase in fluid inlet temperature or an increase in the external heat loss transfer coefficients of the tube model.     

Numerical investigation of the bubble growth in horizontal rectangular microchannels

To explore the mechanism of flow boiling in microchannels, the processes of a single-vapor bubble evaporating and two lateral bubbles merging in a 2D microchannel are investigated. The temperature recovery model based on volume of fluid method is adopted to perform the flow boiling phenomena. The effects of wall superheat, Reynolds number, contact angle, surface tension, and two-bubble merger on heat transfer are discussed. Wall superheat dominates the bubble growth and is roughly proportional to wall heat flux. The update of velocity and temperature fields’ distribution in the channel increases with increasing inflow Reynolds number, which improves the wall heat flux markedly. Besides, the area of thin liquid film between the wall and the bubble is enlarged by reducing the contact angle, thus, expanding the wall heat flux several times compared with the single-phase cross section. However, variation of surface tension (0.0589, 0.1?N/m) is found to be insignificant.     

A new method for identification of thermal boundary conditions in water-wall tubes of boiler furnaces

In this paper, a method for determining fireside heat flux, heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface and temperature of water-steam mixture in water-wall tubes is developed. The unknown parameters are estimated based on the temperature measurements at a few internal locations from the solution of the inverse heat conduction problem. The non-linear least squares problem is solved numerically using the Levenberg–Marquardt method. The diameter of the measuring tube can be larger than the water-wall tube diameter. The view factor defining the distribution of the heat flux on the measuring tube circumference was determined using exact analytical formulas and numerically using ANSYS software. The method developed can also be used for an assessment of scale deposition on the inner surfaces of the water-wall tubes or slagging on the fire side.     

Methodology for predicting spray quenching of thick-walled metal alloy tubes

This paper explores the parametric influences of spray quenching for thick-walled metal alloy tubes. Using the point-source depiction of a spray, an analytical model is derived to determine the shape and size of the spray impact zone, as well as the distribution of volumetric flux across the same zone. This distribution is incorporated into heat transfer correlations for all spray boiling regimes to generate a complete boiling curve for every location across the impact zone. By setting boundary conditions for both the sprayed and unsprayed portions of the tube surface, a heat diffusion model is constructed for a unit cell of the tube for both aluminum alloy and steel. This model is used to construct spray quench curves for every point along the sprayed surface and within the wall. Increasing nozzle pressure drop or decreasing orifice-to-surface distance are shown to increase the magnitude of volumetric flux, which hastens the onset of the rapid cooling stages of the quench as well as improves overall cooling effectiveness. The sprayed surface is characterized by fast thermal response to the spray, while regions within the wall display more gradual response due to heat diffusion delays. With their superior thermal diffusivity, aluminum alloy tubes transmit the cooling effect through the wall faster than steel tubes. For steel, the cooling effect is more concentrated near the sprayed surface, causing the sprayed surface to cool much faster and locations within the wall much slower than for aluminum alloy. The predictive approach presented in this paper facilitates the determination of surface temperature gradients in the quenched part to guard against stress concentration. Also, when combined with metallurgical transformation models for the alloy, it may be possible to predict material properties such as hardness and strength.     

Coupled Heat Transfer Simulation of the Spiral Water Wall in a Double Reheat Ultra-supercritical Boiler

This paper presented a coupled heat transfer model combining the combustion in the furnace and the ultra-supercritical(USC) heat transfer in the water wall tubes. The thermal analysis of the spiral water wall in a 1000 MW double reheat USC boiler was conducted by the coupled heat transfer simulations. The simulation results show that there are two peak heat flux regions on each wall of spiral water wall, where the primary combustion zone and burnt-out zone locate respectively. In the full load condition, the maximal heat flux of the primary combustion zone is close to 500 kW/m~2, which is higher than that in the conventional single reheat USC boilers. The heat flux along the furnace width presents a parabolic shape that the values in the furnace center are much higher than that in the corner regions. The distribution of water wall temperature has a perfect accordance with the heat flux distribution of the parabolic shape curves, which can illustrate the distribution of water wall temperature is mainly determined by heat flux on the water wall. The maximal water wall temperature occurs at the middle width of furnace wall and approaches 530°C, which can be allowed by the metal material of water wall tube 12Cr1MoVG. In the primary combustion zone, the wall temperatures in half load are almost close to the values in 75% load condition, caused by the heat transfer deterioration of the subcritical pressure fluid under the high heat flux condition. The simulation results in this study are beneficial to the better design and operational optimization for the double reheat USC boilers.     

Boiling heat transfer in vertical minichannels. Liquid crystal experiments and numerical investigations

The paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies of boiling heat transfer in the flow of refrigerants R123 and R11 through vertical, rectangular minichannels, with one wall heated. An application of liquid crystal thermography has helped detect two-dimensional temperature distribution on the heating surface, allowing determination of boiling heat fluxes and experimental boiling curves. The main objectives of the paper included the development of two-dimensional approach to solve the inverse heat conduction boundary problem for determining local values of internal heating surface temperature, boiling heat flux and heat transfer coefficient, and the improvement of the applied numerical method making use of the equalizing calculus and heating surface temperature measurement errors. A detailed discussion of temperature, heat flux and heat transfer coefficient errors is also provided.     

Atomic insights of thin‐film evaporation over biphilic surfaces: Effect of philic‐phobic patterning and wettability contrast

Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to investigate the effect of philic‐phobic patterning and wettability contrast of biphilic (surface with interlaced hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments) surfaces on thin‐film evaporation and compare its performance with the surfaces with uniform wettability, ie, hydrophilic/hydrophobic. Thin liquid film of argon with 3 nm film thickness is placed over platinum surface. After equilibrating the system at 90 K, the temperature of the platinum wall is raised to two different temperatures 110 and 130 K to study the effect of wall superheat temperature. The results obtained in this study indicate that biphilic surface offers wall heat flux and evaporative mass flux close to the hydrophilic surface. With the decrease of philic‐phobic pattern bandwidth of biphilic and superbiphilic surface, the maximum value of evaporative mass flux and wall heat flux increases. Also higher wettability contrast among hydrophilic and hydrophobic region offers higher value of wall heat flux and evaporative mass flux. The boiling inception time decreases with the decrease of philic‐phobic pattern bandwidth and increase of wettability contrast therefore, the nonevaporating layer appears earlier in case of lower philic‐phobic pattern bandwidth and higher wettability contrast.