基于自适应遗传算法的金盆水库优化调度研究

根据黑河金盆水库的具体情况。建立了水库优化调度的多目标非线性数学模型。分别利用动态规划、遗传算法和自适应遗传算法求解模型。结果表明，自适应遗传算法由于能够根据群体适应度的分散程度以及个体优劣进行参数的自适应调整。使得算法在保持种群多样性的同时，保证算法的收敛性，其收敛速度和计算结果都明显优于其他两种算法。     

基于改进多目标遗传算法的小浪底水库优化调度研究

针对传统多目标遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)在进化过程中存在的不足,首先利用拟随机Halton序列及自适应调整的方法对初始种群多样性和算法收敛性进行改进;然后选取小浪底水库为例,建立水库多目标优化调度模型,并运用改进的NSGA-Ⅱ算法对模型进行求解;最后采用模糊优选法对得到的Pareto最优解集进行方案优选。结果表明,改进的算法相比传统算法更为高效、合理,且调度结果符合客观实际。     

含液流电池的微网环境经济调度模型及应用

鉴于储能技术的应用可提高微网运行的经济性与可靠性,将含液流电池的微网作为研究对象,建立了基于机会约束规划的含液流电池的微网环境经济调度模型,该模型以微网运行成本与污染物治理费用最小为优化目标,以旋转备用容量在某一置信水平下满足系统可靠性要求作为概率约束条件,采用基于自适应变异的改进遗传算法对模型进行求解,并采用蒙特卡洛模拟法处理模型中的概率约束条件。实例应用结果表明,模型具有合理性与有效性。     

基于自适应遗传算法的协调控制系统优化

针对火电单元机组的协调控制系统,提出了一种基于自适应遗传算法的多变量鲁棒PID控制器参数寻优方法.以控制器设定点跟踪性能为优化目标,鲁棒性能为动态约束,采用具有自适应交叉概率和变异概率的遗传算法寻优PID控制器参数.仿真结果表明,与传统遗传算法寻优所得PID控制器相比,基于自适应遗传算法的鲁棒PID控制器具有良好的负荷...     

基于遗传-蚁群算法的库群长期优化调度

为克服蚁群算法前期收敛慢、易陷入局部最优解且参数难以确定的缺点,提出了遗传-蚁群算法进行库群长期优化调度问题的求解。该方法应用遗传算法生成问题的初始解,并将初始解的适应度转化为蚁群算法的信息素初始值,同时引入遗传算法染色体交叉、变异的思想进行蚁群算法参数最优组合的确定,提高了蚁群算法的优化性能和求解精度。对乌江流域4座水电站的计算结果表明,该算法可显著改善优化结果质量,获得良好的调度方案,是求解库群长期优化调度问题的一种有效方法。     

基于改进遗传算法的水库群防洪优化调度

为解决标准遗传算法(SGA)在处理高维复杂问题中寻优能力不足、计算时间过长、易早熟的问题,首先改进映射规则,仅选择部分决策变量进行编码,采取新的映射规则将其解码映射至解空间,实现高维问题的降维;其次使用针对不同约束条件的自适应罚函数对算法收敛性进行改进;最后以北方某流域并联水库防洪调度为例,建立防洪优化调度模型,并运用改进遗传算法进行求解。结果表明,该方法在解决高维复杂水库群防洪优化调度问题时具有求解速度快、寻优结果好的优点,有一定的实用性。     

一种新型遗传算法在水力优化设计中的应用

提出一种基于分流机制的新型遗传算法，该方法采用优种限量繁殖，达标种交叉和劣种变异的策略，且交叉和变异概率根据进化质量自适应地调整。结合水力优化设计的数学模型，讨论了算法的实施步骤。实例计算表明，该方法无需设计初始点，所得解的质量和计算效率均优于复形法。     

水库防洪调度规则的参数优化研究

针对水库运用常规防洪调度进行洪水调度时,因对规则的合理性描述不足而限制了其应用的问题,根据水库不同防洪对象的精细程度要求,结合预见期内水库预报最大洪水和实时水位,拟定分级防洪预报调度规则,建立带有惩罚机制的防洪调度规则参数优化模型,并提出改进遗传算法求解该模型,即通过混沌算法、混沌变异操作与适应度差值进化改善初始种群质量、提高算法局部与全局搜索能力,实现参数控制的防洪预报调度规则。实例应用表明,综合改进遗传算法较其他遗传算法优化性能有一定提高,防洪预报调度优化规则的调度结果优于常规调度规则,为防洪调度规则的合理应用提供了一种有效方法。     

以发电量最大为目标的母管制热电联产系统两级优化调度

石化企业为保证企业效益，其自备电厂的负荷优化调度需要以发电最大为目标。针对这一问题，建立了优化调度仿真模型，分别采用功率微增法和遗传算法对总量一定的热负荷进行优化调度，得到了不同供热总量下的负荷分配图；针对实际运行中存在负荷波动问题，将遗传算法与功率微增率法相结合，提出了两级优化调度法，研究表明：与功率微增法相比，采用遗传算法最高可提高4.26%的发电量；采用两级优化调度法在±25 t/h的波动量下分别增加了3.81%和3.09%的最大发电量，比遗传算法平均减少了0.25%的发电量，但两级优化调度法将所需调整的机组台套数由4台降低为1台。进一步地，针对两级优化调度法中阈值对系统所需调整台套数和最大发电量的影响情况进行分析可知，阈值的改变会影响系统所需调整机组的台套数，对系统最大发电量的影响也会有所不同，实际运行需要考虑多种因素的影响，并合理选取阈值。该两级优化调度法对实际运行具有一定参考价值。     

基于发电量混合求解的小水电站群优化调度研究

介绍了基于发电量混合求解的小水电站群优化调度的数学模型,给出了采用遗传算法的小水电站群优化调度的求解策略.算例结果表明,该模型实用有效,可供借鉴.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.     

Electrochemical behavior of Mg–Li,Mg–Li–Al and Mg–Li–Al–Ce in sodium chloride solution

Mg–Li, Mg–Li–Al and Mg–Li–Al–Ce alloys were prepared and their electrochemical behavior in 0.7 M NaCl solutions was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic current–time and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements as well as by scanning electron microscopy examination. The effect of gallium oxide as an electrolyte additive on the potentiostatic discharge performance of these magnesium alloys was studied. The discharge activities and utilization efficiencies of these alloys increase in the order: Mg–Li < Mg–Li–Al < Mg–Li–Al–Ce, both in the absence and presence of Ga₂O₃. These alloys are more active than commercial magnesium alloy AZ31. The addition of Ga₂O₃ into NaCl electrolyte solution improved the discharging currents of the alloys by more than 4%, and enhanced the utilization efficiencies of the alloys by more than 6%. It also shortened the transition time for the discharge current to reach to a steady value. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements showed that the polarization resistance of the alloys decreases in the following order: Mg–Li > Mg–Li–Al > Mg–Li–Al–Ce. Mg–Li–Al–Ce exhibited the best performance in term of activity, utilization efficiency and activation time.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.