中短波发射台供配电故障定位研究

为了解决中短波发射台供配电系统的故障问题,提高系统运行的稳定性,提出中短波发射台供配电故障定位方法。在中短波发射台供配电系统中安装感知传感器,并利用该设备获取供配电信息,分别从数据、特征和决策3个层级实现信息融合。将直接故障事件和潮流配电量设置为判据,确定供配电故障识别结果,综合配电侧故障的故障类型和故障线路等信息,得出最终的中短波发射台供配电故障定位结果。为了验证设计的中短波发射台供配电故障定位方法的综合性能,进行实验,结果表明,该方法的定位结果更精准、耗时更短,验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于多端故障信息的配电架空线故障定位方法

针对多分支结构的配电架空线路故障定位困难的问题,依照分层开展、逐步锁定故障位置的定位策略,提出一套基于多端故障信息的配电线路故障定位新方法。首先分析故障初始行波到达线路不同末端的时差关系,归纳出其与故障位置间的内在联系,提出基于位置观测矩阵的架空线故障区域判定方法;然后从T型架空线结构入手,研究故障初测速度与实际波速度间大小关系所指示的故障区段特征,并提出基于波速度比较的架空线故障选段方法;最后进行双端行波测距,确定具体故障位置。PSCAD仿真结果证明,该套定位方法仅通过对多端初始行波时差的处理分析,即可获取较为准确的故障位置信息,方便有效。为配电架空线路故障定位提供了一种新方法。     

基于故障过流度的配电网故障区域定位新矩阵算法

针对现有配电网故障区域定位算法存在的问题,提出一种基于故障过流度的配电网故障区域定位新矩阵算法。该算法通过网络描述矩阵和故障信息矩阵计算比较故障时各区段的故障过流度,判定发生故障的区段,实现对配电网的故障定位。算例分析表明,该算法有效,适用于单电源、多电源和馈线末端故障等各种情况。     

基于分层结构神经网络的10kV配电网单相接地故障区段定位方法

针对10kV配电网单相接地短路故障发生位置难以确定的问题,提出利用配电网中的多源数据,通过构建分层结构神经网络进行故障区段定位的方法。首先提取各种类型10kV配电网的固有特征,在分层结构神经网络的聚类层根据配电网的这些固有特征,利用自组织映射神经网络进行聚类分析,得到不同类别配电网;然后在分层结构神经网络的训练层对各类配电网分别用广义回归神经网络对故障定位条件特征与结果特征进行训练,得到各类配电网的故障定位模型;最后将发生单相接地短路故障的配电网下属各区段故障定位条件特征输入至所对应的故障定位模型中,判断各区段故障情况,实现故障定位。实际算例分析表明,所提出的方法能快速、准确地找出10kV配电网单相接地故障发生的区段,且具有较好的容错性。     

基于虚拟阻抗的复杂配电网故障区段定位新方法

针对含分布式电源的复杂配电网故障区段定位的问题,提出一种基于虚拟阻抗的故障定位新方法。首先以区段为单元识别畸变节点的故障信息,采用尝试赋值法校正畸变节点的故障信息;然后利用区段端节点过流信息初步判定故障位置,将故障区段端节点间的虚拟导纳值用0表示,非故障区段端节点间虚拟导纳用1表示,进而形成能反映节点间连通性的节点虚拟阻抗矩阵,根据故障电流的流通路径最终确定故障区段位置。具体算例验证表明,该方法具有故障定位准确、效率高的特点,可以满足复杂配电网的多点信息畸变校正和多重故障的故障区段定位。     

基于多代理系统的含DG辐射状配电网故障定位

分布式电源（DG）的高渗透接入使配电网结构发生了改变,导致传统的配电网故障定位算法失效。基于含多DG辐射状配电网拓扑结构的特点,构建多代理系统的配电网故障定位框架,该系统主代理根据子代理上传的电源端故障量测量建立RBF神经网络故障测距模型,估计各电源端到故障点的故障距离,考虑上传量测量误差对相邻线路分界点故障定位的影响,应用相邻线路故障信息修正故障线路定位信息;子代理根据主代理下传的故障线路定位结果,利用并行线路首端过流信息校验故障线路。基于MATLAB/ SIMULINK搭建32节点配电系统仿真模型,分析不同故障距离、不同故障位置（包含相邻线路分界点附近、分支线路）的故障测距结果和故障定位结果的正确性,结果表明,RBF模型的测距精度高,基于多代理的故障定位方法能够精确定位故障位置,且定位结果不受量测量误差与分支线路的影响。     

10kV智能配电自动化终端应用分析

配电自动化是智能电网的重要基础之一,需要通过配电自动化系统采集尽可能多的配电信息,并向下延伸到低压用电信息的汇集。提出了一种新型智能配电自动化终端的设计方案,不仅可以检测和指示短路以及接地故障,还可以实时监测线路的正常运行情况和故障发生过程,其故障定位及在线监测系统还可以提供瞬时性短路故障、瞬时性和间歇性接地故障的在线监测和预警功能,以及故障后事故分析和总结功能,保证了配电线路的安全稳定运行。     

基于智能配变终端的配电网故障区段判断

针对配电网故障点定位速度慢、对电网造成冲击等问题,提出了一种基于智能配变终端的配电网故障区段判断方法。故障区段判断建立在准确的台区拓扑基础上,在台区拓扑识别方面,针对人工录入方法前期工作量大、后期维护不便等问题,提出了一种基于智能配变终端和感知终端的台区拓扑动态识别算法,通过注入及检测非工频信号实现对台区拓扑动态、准确、快速识别。在获取台区拓扑的基础上,提出了一种利用智能配变终端边缘计算能力的矩阵判别法,根据判断矩阵实现故障区段快速定位。     

基于旋转基的复杂配电网故障区段定位方法

配电网网络错综复杂,且常常拥有多个电源,配电网故障区段定位方法在快速确定故障区段和恢复非故障区段的正常供电中起到重要作用。提出一种基于旋转基的复杂配电网故障区段定位方法,利用旋转基将复杂配电网划分为包含电源的主干网络和不包含电源的旁路网络两部分。划分后采用分层控制,旁路网络采用辐射型网络故障定位方法快速找到故障区段,主干网络采用旋转基定位法确定故障区段。研究结果表明,该方法可以快速、便捷、准确地找到配电网故障区段。     

含有限PMU的主动配电网故障定位

对于含分布式电源(DG)的主动配电网,基于同步相量测量单元(PMU)的监测信息进行故障分析与处理,从而达到定位目的.首先采用拓扑优化法对PMU进行布点优化配置,同时将系统划分为不同区域.利用PMU监测所得实时潮流和电气量信息,基于功率增量方向原理可初步判断发生故障的区域;其次计算候选故障区域内各条区段发生不同类型故障时...     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．