白沙水电站电机主轴与转子支架松动的处理

白沙水电站^#1灯泡贯流式机组，因转子支架与主轴热套预应力消失而松动，造成定、转子刮碰，定、转子之间的气隙极不均匀导致单边磁拉力过大。可能会在飞逸工况和甩负荷工况下，酿成严重事故。根据经验和理论分析，采用在转子支架与主轴之间配置销钉的办法进行紧固联接。此后该机组一直稳定运行，且经历了各种工况考验。研究成果可供类似工程参考。     

基于寿命分析的600MW超临界汽轮机优化运行方式研究

采用汽轮机变工况热力计算,利用有限元方法计算某型600MW超临界机组汽轮机高中压转子在不同工况下的温度场和应力场,并得到转子应力集中部位的载荷谱,然后对不同工况进行转子疲劳寿命分析。在掌握转子疲劳寿命消耗规律之后,对该型机组的汽轮机运行方式进行优化控制,通过寿命分析得出运行优化后可以满足机组的安全性和经济性,同时也能快速响应电网的调度需求。     

冷态启动温升率对汽轮机转子寿命影响的研究

随着电网容量及峰谷差的日益增大，２００ＭＷ机组已经参与调峰运行。为了保证机组运行的经济性和安全性，该文依据轴对称弹性理论，同时考虑材料的物理性能随温变化，运用ＡＮＳＹＳ．５２大型结构有限元分析软件，对２００ＭＷ机组的高中压转子在各种温升率的冷态启动与停机方式，进行了温度场、应力场及寿命损耗的计算，从理论上提出了在不同工况下转子寿命监督的特点与优化启动的方法。     

抽水蓄能发电电动机转子不同工况下动应力特性研究

转子结构上的动应力是影响结构性能和疲劳寿命的直接因素,进而决定了部件安全运行能力。由于发电电动机存在多种工况间相互切换,其转子需频繁正反转和转速陡增,导致结构承受频繁变化的动应力作用。而常规电机结构评估仅考虑固定转速下结构的静态应力,不足以评估复杂运行工况下发电电动机转子的结构性能。因此,以广州抽水蓄能电站B厂一台已投运机组为例,选取机组典型运行工况,运用瞬态动力学计算各工况下转子结构上的动应力谱,并以此评估转子的结构性能。结果表明,各工况下应力集中发生在磁轭鸽尾槽,并且不同工况下的峰值应力位置出现在鸽尾槽的不同位置,这为提高机组运行可靠性和疲劳寿命提供了理论依据。     

Neuber法则在汽轮机转子寿命估算中的应用

高温大容量汽轮机在启动、停机以及负荷波动时对机组的使用寿命有很大影响。正确分析机组在多种工况下转子的应力水平和寿命损耗是当前大型机组保证安全运行及加强寿命管理中亟待解决的关键问题之一。为此,应用Neuber法则对600MW超临界机组转子进行了寿命损耗计算。计算结果表明冷态启动对转子的寿命损耗最大。     

基于热应力疲劳寿命分析的汽轮机机组启动方案

启动方案直接决定了汽轮机转子的低周疲劳寿命消耗量,不合理的启动方案将导致转子无裂纹寿命的提前终止,严重影响机组的安全运行。基于理论分析,可将汽轮机机组的启动视为"蒸汽温度突变"与"均匀变化"两种典型工况的叠加组合。提出了以转子为热应力疲劳裂纹控制对象的启动曲线的制作方法和规则,可快速制定汽轮机机组的启动方案,为机组的安全可靠运行提供理论依据。     

600 MW超临界汽轮机启停过程热力耦合分析

600MW超临界机组汽轮机蒸汽参数高,工作环境恶劣,特别是高中压转子在参与深度调峰过程中引起材料内部较大的应力变化,若运行不当会不可避免带来较大损伤,严重影响机组的寿命.基于汽轮机变工况热力计算,利用速度三角形法逐级迭代求解得出通流各级的状态参数,作为数值计算求解热力耦合场的边界条件.然后利用有限元计算对不同变动工况下高中压转子的温度场、应力场求解,得到变工况下高中压转子承受的应力谱,为评估不同工况下的汽轮机转子疲劳损伤以及转子寿命管理提供技术支撑.     

大型热回收型空气源热泵机组冬季运行特性及其试验分析

介绍了热回收型空气源热泵机组的系统原理，分析了大型热回收型空气源热泵机组冬季运行特性，提出了机组相应的运行模式，并对机组在冬季工况下的运行性能进行了试验研究，分析了机组在该运行工况下需要考虑的问题，并提出了相应的解决方法。     

联合循环机组启停过程中汽轮机转子热应力控制及运行调整

联合循环机组启停频繁,而转子热应力是影响汽轮机寿命的关键因素.本文介绍了启停过程中转子热应力变化情况,对典型工况下应力的成因及运行调整做了分析并提出了建议.     

600MW超临界汽轮机调峰运行过程中高中压转子疲劳寿命分析

通过对某600MW超临界汽轮机高中压转子全尺寸有限元建模,根据机组实际工况的运行数据进行变工况热力计算得到准确的热力边界条件,求解不同变工况下高中压转子内部实时的温度场和应力场。计算结果表明高中压转子调节级、中压缸第一级的叶轮根部为整段转子的应力集中点。该型机组采用中压缸启动方式,冲转参数、切缸操作不当会导致调节级、中压缸第一级产生较大的寿命消耗。蒸汽温度变化的幅度和速率直接影响转子应力集中点的应力峰值大小,但是在一定范围内的温度变化对转子寿命的影响较小,在实际运行中是可以允许的。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。