生物质炭催化裂解焦油的性能研究

采用管式反应器研究了生物质炭作为焦油裂解催化剂的性能,选用白云石和石英砂作对比试验。通过对焦油转换率、裂解产物、裂解气气体组分和动力学参数的分析对比可知:在所选用的3种材料中,生物质炭作为催化剂的焦油转化率最高,裂解产物中气体所占比重最大,且可燃气体的组分较高,反应动力学参数最小。生物质炭的催化性能显著高于石英砂,稍好于白云石,是一种高效的焦油裂解催化剂。     

多孔白云石颗粒催化裂解生物质焦油的动力学研究

在固定床反应器上进行了自制多孔白云石颗粒催化裂解乙酸、苯等焦油模型化合物的动力学实验研究,考察了反应温度(873～1123K)、接触时间(0.3～2.0s)等反应条件对乙酸、苯转化率的影响。实验结果表明:乙酸、苯转化率均随反应温度与接触时间的增加而上升,当反应温度为1123K、停留时间为2.0s时,乙酸、苯的最大转化率分别为99.8%和18.7%;通过对乙酸与苯的催化裂解动力学分析,得出乙酸、苯的反应速率常数变化范围分别为0.41～3.64s~(-1)和0.00718～0.11300s~(-1),活化能分别为71.4kJ·mol~(-1)和94.5kJ·mol~(-1)。经检验,模型计算与实验结果能较好吻合。     

CaO催化裂解生物质气化焦油实验研究

以谷壳气化发电产生焦油为研究对象,考查了CaO作为焦油裂解催化剂对其催化裂解的影响。实验研究结果表明:CaO作为焦油裂解催化剂可使焦油裂解率明显提高,在800℃时,其裂解率可由热裂解的28.66%提高到65.60%,焦油催化裂解后可使燃气成份中的H2、CO、CH4以及CO2含量提高。但焦油裂解过程中,其积炭率可达30.51%;扫描电镜显示:因焦油裂解积炭包裹CaO催化剂,易使其催化活性失效,同时由于积炭,使床层压降增加,给焦油催化裂解运行带来困难。     

生物质快速催化裂解的反应动力学

根据生物质在流化床中气化受热速率较高的特点,设计了生物质快速升温催化裂解实验系统,提出生 物质催化裂解动力学模型。研究假定的模型综合了三竞争反应模型和二次反应模型的特点,即生物质首先进行3 个平行的裂解反应,生成气体、焦炭和焦油,焦油再经二次裂解生成气体和焦炭;模型对于锯末、纤维素和木 质素的催化裂解适用比较准确;动力学反应级数n的数值在0．66-1．57之间,用镍基催化剂时,其n值要高于 使用锻烧白云石时求出的n值;当白云石应用温度高于800℃时,焦油裂解活化能才有显著降低,即白云石的使 用温度宜高于800℃。     

凹凸棒石粘土催化裂解生物质气化炉焦油初探

研究了凹凸棒石粘土对稻壳气化焦油的催化裂解性能,分析了不同温度和不同凹凸棒石粘土/白云石比值下催化剂催化脱焦油活性.结果表明:随着催化裂解温度增加,各种催化剂对生物质气化炉焦油的去除率均有不同程度的提高,且随凹凸棒石粘土/白云石比值的增加,焦油的去除率有所增加.凹凸棒石粘土与白云石之间存在协同作用,这种协同作用提高了焦油催化裂解活性.与其他几种常用的矿物材料催化剂(氧化钙、橄榄石、辉沸石)相比,尽管凹凸棒石粘土催化裂解焦油后积炭量最大,但还是显示出对焦油裂解反应最好的催化活性.     

凹凸棒石黏土催化裂解生物质焦油

以凹凸棒石黏土作为天然催化剂催化裂解生物质气化焦油,在固定床反应器中,考察催化剂用量、粒径、煅烧温度、气相滞留时间以及反应温度等操作条件对凹凸棒石黏土催化焦油裂解活性的影响;通过XRD表征分析了催化剂的结构变化情况。与热裂解相比,凹凸棒石黏土对生物质焦油有显著的催化裂解作用。随着裂解温度的升高,焦油转化率、氢产率及氢选择性都显著增加。凹凸棒石黏土的煅烧处理能够改善催化活性,但过高的煅烧温度将破坏凹凸棒石黏土的特征结构,从而不利于其催化效率。     

生物质焦油裂解的技术关键

生物质焦油是生物质气化过程中有害的副产物，它会降低气化效率，影响设备运行，所以必须加以有效利用和处理。本文介绍了国内外焦油催化裂解的研究现状，详细地分析了讨论了催化裂解的关键过程和工艺件，总结出了焦油催化裂解的最佳条件和比较有前景的工艺路线。     

生物质气化焦油在高温木炭床上的裂解试验研究

在高温木炭床裂解炉上,对以木粉为原料的120Kw鼓泡流化床气化炉产生的气化气中的焦油进行了裂解研究,采用溶剂冷态捕集焦油和称重分析相结合的方法对裂解前、后的焦油含量进行了测量.结果表明,在高温木炭床上发生的木炭吸附焦油、焦油的高温裂解和木炭灰催化裂解焦油等一系列的物理化学过程,可有效降低燃气中的焦油含量,同时可以获得热值为5MJ/m^3的可燃气.     

生物质气化焦油催化裂解特性

以白云石为载体制备的Ni基催化剂对松木粉在700℃下气化产生的焦油进行了催化裂解实验研究，并与重油裂解催化剂进行了对比。结果表明：石油化工重油裂解催化剂对生物质气化焦油具有一定的催化裂解作用；Ni的掺入方式和催化剂的煅烧温度对催化剂的性能具有显著的影响。以100～120目白云石粉为载体，900℃下煅烧的Ni基催化剂在700℃(2下焦油裂解对H2和CH4具有很好的选择性(H2为78．3％，H2 CO为92．3％，CH4为2．3％)；100h老化实验显示H2/CO随催化剂活性降低而逐渐减小。     

生物质气化气中焦油非催化裂解实验研究

生物质气化是一种环境友好的新能源利用技术,焦油作为生物质气化的副产物,是限制气化技术发展的主要因素.试验针对生物质气化产出气中焦油在700～1 000℃裂解温度区间的裂解特性进行了分析,并提出了焦油裂解产气率的概念.试验表明,焦油裂解气可以成为生物质气化气的有效的能量补充,而且随着裂解温度的升高,焦油裂解产气率增加,焦...     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．