基于云模型的土石坝渗流安全风险模糊综合评价

针对土石坝渗流安全风险评价指标存在模糊性和随机性的问题,在传统模糊综合评价模型的基础上引入云模型,建立基于云模型的土石坝渗流安全风险模糊综合评价模型。选取渗透坡降等12个指标构建评价指标体系,采用AHP法确定评价指标权重,由安全风险等级和评估数据分别推求标准云和评价云数字特征值,通过计算标准云和综合云的相似度给出评价结果。将该模型应用于已建土石坝工程的渗流安全风险评价中,计算得到综合云与标准云的最大相似度为0.800,进而给出该土石坝渗流安全风险等级为"较低风险",通过与传统模糊综合评价模型对比发现,该模型评价方式更为客观,评价结果更为全面。研究成果可为土石坝安全评价和加固提供参考。     

基于博弈论—有限云模型的尾矿库溃坝风险评价

针对进行尾矿库溃坝风险评价时存在的模糊性、随机性等问题，提出了博弈论-有限云模型评价方法。首先从浸顶溃坝、失稳溃决、自然因素等6个方面入手建立由17个风险因素组成的评价指标，将其分为4个风险等级，计算相对标准云数字特征值，生成有限云模型，通过博弈论思想优化模糊层次分析法及改进CRITIC法所得的主客观权重，得出最终权重，最后通过有限云模型求得综合隶属度并进行加权平均，根据最大隶属度原则确定各尾矿库所处风险等级。以河南省5个尾矿库为例，将各实测值代入博弈论-有限云模型评价溃坝风险，并将结果与传统云模型及模糊综合评价模型进行比较。结果表明，该模型所得结果更具有效性、准确性，且各尾矿库风险等级与实际情况基本相符。     

基于熵权法与正态云模型的大坝安全综合评价

针对目前大坝安全评价方法中均未考虑评价指标的模糊性和随机性问题,引入正态云模型理论,将其与熵权法相结合,建立了基于熵权法与正态云模型的大坝安全综合评价模型,综合考虑大坝变形、渗流及环境三方面因素构建了大坝风险安全评价体系,根据既定体系,确定大坝风险安全评价等级及云模型参数,代入大坝实测资料由正向云发生器建立评价指标的隶属度矩阵,采用熵权法确定各评价指标权重,并由评价指标的权重矩阵和评价指标的隶属度矩阵给出大坝在各安全评价等级下的隶属度。实例应用结果表明,大坝安全评价等级为低风险,与实际状况一致,可见所建模型可行、有效。     

基于投影寻踪—正态云模型的某土石坝安全评价

针对目前大坝安全评价方法中均未考虑评价指标的模糊性和随机性问题,综合考虑土石坝变形、渗流及环境三方面因素构建了土石坝安全评价指标体系,将正态云模型引入到土石坝安全评价中,利用投影寻踪法确定各评价指标权重,提出一种基于投影寻踪—正态云模型的土石坝安全综合评价模型。实例应用结果表明,土石坝安全评价结果为低风险,与实际情况相符。可见所建模型可行、有效。     

基于云物元的混凝土坝裂缝危害性评价模型

针对数据的随机性和等级标准划分模糊的特点,建立了水工混凝土坝裂缝危害性评估的云物元模型,首先依据已有的指标体系和等级评价标准确定相应的云模型参数,采用AHP-熵权法计算评估指标的综合权重;然后以某重力坝为例,计算样本指标属于各评价等级的隶属度,依据最大隶属度原则确定裂缝对坝体结构影响的危害级别。最后将云物元模型与可变模糊模型进行比较,两种模型的评价等级相同,由此证明云物元模型合理、可行,为裂缝的危害性评价提供了一种新方法。     

基于云模型的水利PPP项目投资风险评价

随着PPP模式在水利工程中的应用越来越多,其风险也越来越突出,为准确评价水利工程PPP项目投资风险,提出基于云模型的模糊综合评价模型。首先建立水利PPP项目投资风险评价指标体系,根据PPP项目库专家的反馈,确定评价指标重要性程度标准表和风险评价等级标准表,然后由PPP项目专家对各评价指标进行定量评分和定性权重,再计算云参数,确定水利PPP项目投资风险模糊综合评价云模型,通过观察云图判断投资风险可接受程度等级。在湖南省莽山水库PPP项目的应用结果表明,该方法可为水利PPP项目投资风险论证提供一定的理论指导。     

基于博弈论的大坝安全评价云模型及其应用

针对大坝安全评价问题，提出了一种基于博弈论和云模型耦合的安全评价模型。选取变形、渗流、环境因素为大坝安全评价指标体系，根据既定体系确定大坝安全评价指标标准，并在此基础上确定云模型的特征参数和各评价指标的综合权重，由云模型正向发生器给出评价指标的在各评价等级下的隶属度，最后由各评价指标的综合权重矩阵和对应评价等级下的隶属度矩阵计算出大坝安全评价结果。最终通过某心墙堆石坝工程实例验证了该评价模型的可行性，为类似工程的安全评价提供了借鉴。     

改进熵权-正态云模型在边坡稳定性评价中的应用

针对边坡稳定等级影响因素的不确定性、模糊性和时变性问题，引入云模型理论，综合考虑地形地貌、水文气象、地质环境等各方面因素，选取岩石质量指标等7个评价指标，提出了基于改进熵权-正态云模型的边坡稳定性评价方法。该方法通过云模型正向发生器计算各指标对应评价等级的确定度，基于改进熵权法确定各指标权重，以此综合评价边坡稳定性等级。以桂柳高速公路边坡为例建模计算，该方法评价结论与理想点法以及神经网络一致，证明该方法是可行的。     

可变模糊模型在水资源短缺风险评价中的应用

针对水资源短缺风险评价中各指标具有模糊性及应用单一模型评价存在的偏面性问题,采用可变模糊评价模型进行水资源短缺风险评价可提高评价结果的可靠性,并将熵权作为客观权重与主观权重相结合确定指标综合权重。实例应用结果表明,该模型计算简便,评价结果可靠、合理。     

基于组合赋权和云模型的风电机组健康状态评估

针对当前模糊评价隶属函数的确定具有主观性且未考虑随机性的问题,提出一种基于组合赋权和云模型的风电机组健康状态评估方法。在构建风电机组健康状态评估指标体系及等级划分基础上,通过组合赋权法确定各指标的权重,应用隶属云模型确定定量指标对各状态等级的隶属度,采用分层评估方法对风电机组健康状态开展综合评价。实例验证结果表明,该方法具有有效性和可行性。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.