声波在电站锅炉含颗粒介质气体中的衰减特性

采用数值计算方法研究了可听声频率范围内声波在电站锅炉炉膛中的衰减机理,建立了电站锅炉含颗粒介质气体中的声衰减系数计算公式,得到了声衰减系数与声频率、颗粒介质体积分数、颗粒粒径及烟气温度的关系.根据多体多次散射理论,对颗粒介质体积分数较大的循环流化床锅炉中的声波衰减特性进行了讨论,并对其声衰减系数进行了修正.结果表明:对于一般燃煤锅炉,随着烟气温度的升高以及颗粒介质体积分数和声频率的增大,声衰减系数增大,随着颗粒粒径的增大,声衰减系数减小;循环流化床锅炉中的声波衰减主要来源于颗粒介质表面的热传导耗散.     

基于电-力-声多物理场耦合数值模型的含水合物多孔介质声速和衰减特性研究

在物理模拟实验中对水合物微观赋存模式和饱和度进行准确控制和评价尚存在技术困难,仅依赖实验技术研究含水合物沉积物声学特性、建立储层参数解释模型存在局限性。采用基于有限元的数字岩石物理技术,针对悬浮、接触和胶结三种典型的水合物微观赋存模式分别建立多孔介质的三维电-力-声多物理场耦合模型,考察了微观赋存模式和水合物饱和度对多孔介质声速和衰减的影响规律,对比了声速数值模拟与理论模型计算结果,建立了声波衰减参数与水合物饱和度之间的关系式。研究结果表明：（1）对于三种水合物赋存模式,由于水合物相比孔隙水具有更高的弹性模量,多孔介质的声速随着水合物饱和度的增大而增大;水合物的存在导致声波在传播过程中遇到更多不连续的声阻抗界面,声衰减随着水合物饱和度的增大而近似线性增大;（2）悬浮和接触赋存模式条件下,水合物饱和度对多孔介质的声速和衰减影响规律基本一致;对于相同的水合物饱和度,胶结模式条件下含水合物多孔介质具有更高的声速和更小的声衰减;（3）通过合理选择参数值,利用权重方程与Lee改进的Biot-Gassmann Theory（BGTL）模型估算的含悬浮和接触模式水合物多孔介质的声速较为准确;通过等效介质理论模型C计算的含胶结模式水合物多孔介质的声速更为准确。研究结果可为获取复杂条件下含水合物沉积物的声学特性提供数值建模方法,为基于声波测井数据的水合物储层精细评价提供理论支撑。     

金属橡胶材料声学特性参数经验公式建立

研究了适用于恶劣环境吸声降噪需要的金属橡胶材料声学特性.根据纤维材料声学特性参数--特性阻抗和传播常数是频率与流阻率比值的幂函数关系的经验模型,通过试验研究建立了金属橡胶材料声学特性参数的经验公式.由声学特性参数经验公式计算了不同特征参数金属橡胶材料吸声系数,并与试验结果进行了比较分析.研究结果表明:建立的金属橡胶材料声学特性参数经验公式与材料实际结构特性符合较好,验证了采用该经验模型研究金属橡胶材料吸声降噪性能的有效性.     

生物质热燃气多孔介质直燃机理与脱焦特性研究

为研究含焦油的生物质热燃气在多孔介质中的燃烧机理与焦油燃烧脱除特性,采用固相实体颗粒堆积法模拟多孔介质,通过分析燃烧过程中反应器内温度、热流密度以及反应动力学速率等参数场的分布特征,揭示了当量比对生物质热燃气多孔介质燃烧过程的显著影响作用.研究表明,焦油燃烧脱除过程中直接氧化反应速率高是决定焦油出口浓度小、转化率高的关...     

炉内温度速度耦合场声线弯曲特性研究

为了实现声波法测量热物理量场的可靠重建,弄清介质温度和流速对声速的耦合作用机理,采用三角形前向展开法和Lagrangian法建立追踪模型,针对仿真的不同炉膛典型温度场和流场,研究了声波传播路径的弯曲效应,同时建立一维流场模型以从理论角度验证上述方法的可行性和可靠性.结果 表明:炉内烟气温度、流速耦合场对声波传播路径影响复杂,若不考虑声线弯曲,必将导致相应声学法温度场和流场测量重建结果的失真;基于上述不同理论方法计算追踪出的对象场声线分布彼此吻合,证明所建声线追踪模型可靠.     

火焰参数对辐射图像法不同测温模型的影响

对火焰温度分布的实时测量能够了解燃烧过程、验证燃烧机理、预防工业事故、优化燃烧设备。图像法测温在工业现场的火焰三维温度测量上有明显的优势,但通常均考虑火焰为均匀折射率介质,给测温结果带来了不可避免的误差。本文建立了梯度折射率介质下火焰的辐射成像模型和图像法测温模型,验证了方法的正确性,分析了火焰尺寸对成像的影响及炭黑颗粒浓度对温度场重建的影响。得出随着火焰尺寸的增大,图像强度随火焰尺寸出现先增大后减小的趋势,梯度介质模型与均匀介质模型的差异逐渐增大,随着炭黑颗粒浓度的增加,两种模型的重建精度逐渐下降。     

气相温度脉动对生物质颗粒内温度变化的作用

作为研究湍流与生物质颗粒反应之间相互作用的基础,对置于有温度脉动热气流中的生物质颗粒内瞬时温度随时间的变化进行了计算。结果表明,气相温度脉动导致颗粒表面与中心瞬时温度均出现了脉动,而颗粒表面比中心瞬时温度的脉动幅度要大;随气相温度脉动强度和生物质颗粒Re的增大,颗粒表面与中心瞬时温度的脉动幅度均增大。     

基于声阵列的电站锅炉水冷壁泄漏定位研究

在声学测温系统测点布置的基础上,融入声阵列定位技术,再现声波测温的同时对炉膛水冷壁的泄漏声信号进行实时监测,并进行泄漏点的精确定位.建立炉管泄漏声阵列定位模型,基于到达时间差定位(TDOA)方法和改进的Chan算法进行三维空间声学定位仿真研究,并进行了空旷环境下和炉膛冷态、热态环境下泄漏点的实验研究.结果表明:仿真与实验结果均符合工程要求,该定位算法具有可行性.     

骨架发热多孔介质通道内单相流阻力与换热特性数值模拟

以Fluent 6.3为平台,采用局部非热平衡模型,对紊流及紊流过渡区范围内骨架发热多孔介质竖直通道内的非达西强制对流换热进行了数值模拟。采用三维N-S方程及标准k-ε湍流模型描述多孔介质内的流动,详细研究了孔隙有效雷诺数Re(400Re2000),表面热流密度q(q=5、30和90 kW/m2)和冷却剂入口温度Tin(Tin=20、50和80℃)的变化对多孔介质流道内流动阻力及换热特性的影响。结果表明:低热流密度下,表面热流密度的变化对流动阻力和换热系数的影响很小;小球直径对换热系数的影响显著,且随着雷诺数的增加而增加;换热系数随冷却剂入口温度的增加而减小。     

相变储能堆积床传热特性的研究

基于多孔介质传热理论,建立了储能堆积床的传热模型.在此基础上分析了换热流体流量、温度、单元尺寸、相变材料导热系数和孔隙率等参数对堆积床传热特性的影响.研究表明,提高相变材料的导热系数,增大换热流体温差或减小单元尺寸对堆积床传热速率有明显提高,而提高换热流体流量,增大对流换热系数对传热速率的影响不明显.因而强化相变材料侧的传热过程是提高堆积床传热速率的有效途径.     

Fuel pellets from downed coconut (Cocos nucifera) in super typhoon Haiyan

The study investigated the physical and chemical properties of fuel pellets from downed coconut (Cocos nucifera L) in super typhoon Haiyan that struck the Philippines on November 8, 2013. Coconut trunk and fronds were used as feedstock in this study. Proximate, ultimate and elemental analyses were performed to evaluate fuel properties of pellets from coconut biomass. In general, physical and chemical properties of coconut biomass pellets were within recommended limits. However, pellets showed relatively high levels of ash in comparison with woody biomass. Calorific values of both coconut stem and fronds were comparable with various wood species and energy crops.     

Effect of process parameters and raw material characteristics on physical and mechanical properties of wood pellets made from sugar maple particles

The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of process parameters and raw material characteristics on physical and mechanical properties of wood pellets made from particles of sugar maple trees of different vigor. Pellets were made in a single pelletizer while controlling temperature (75, 100 and 125 °C), moisture content (8.1, 11.2 and 17.2%), compression force (1500, 2000 and 2500 N) and particle size (<0.25, 0.25–0.5 and 0.5–1.0 mm). Particle size was the most important factor influencing friction in the die, followed by moisture content, compression force and temperature. Moisture content was the most important factor affecting pellet density, followed by temperature, compression force and raw material particle size. Temperature was the most important factor for pellet compression strength, followed by compression force, particle size and moisture content. Friction in the die decreased with increasing particle size and moisture content of the material and increased with increasing compression force. It decreased initially with increasing temperature from 75 °C to 100 °C, and then increased with temperature. Density and strength of pellets increased with temperature and compression force, decreased with increasing particle size, and decreased with increasing moisture content. Pelletizing should be performed at 100 °C to minimize friction and a moisture content of 11.2% to maximize density and compression strength of the pellets. Wood particles from sugar maple trees of low vigor were more suitable for making wood pellets in terms of friction in the pelletizer and compression strength than those from vigorous trees.     

吸附效应对气相声速测量的影响

吸附效应是热物性实验中普遍存在的一种现象。探讨了圆柱定程干涉法气相声速测量实验中存在的两类吸附效应,并分别分析了其行成原因;归纳了低压区气相声速实验中异丁烷吸附及解吸效应产生的压力变化规律;建立了低压区吸附效应对气相声速测量影响的模型,分析了吸附效应对异丁烷气相声速测量的影响。结果表明,当吸附与解吸引起的压力变化小于10Pa时,声速的相对变化小于1×10-5。接近饱和蒸气压时,吸附会导致共鸣腔壳体壁面形成一层薄液膜,壳体声导纳增加,频率半宽急剧增大,而气相声速测量值呈现较大的负偏差。     

Pelletizing properties of torrefied spruce

Torrefaction is a thermo-chemical conversion process improving the handling, storage and combustion properties of wood. To save storage space and transportation costs, it can be compressed into fuel pellets of high physical and energetic density. The resulting pellets are relatively resistant to moisture uptake, microbiological decay and easy to comminute into small particles. The present study focused on the pelletizing properties of spruce torrefied at 250, 275 and 300 °C. The changes in composition were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis. The pelletizing properties were determined using a single pellet press and pellet stability was determined by compression testing. The bonding mechanism in the pellets was studied by fracture surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy. The composition of the wood changed drastically under torrefaction, with hemicelluloses being most sensitive to thermal degradation. The chemical changes had a negative impact, both on the pelletizing process and the pellet properties. Torrefaction resulted in higher friction in the press channel of the pellet press and low compression strength of the pellets. Fracture surface analysis revealed a cohesive failure mechanism due to strong inter-particle bonding in spruce pellets as a resulting from a plastic flow of the amorphous wood polymers, forming solid polymer bridges between adjacent particles. Fracture surfaces of pellets made from torrefied spruce possessed gaps and voids between adjacent particles due to a spring back effect after pelletization. They showed no signs of inter-particle polymer bridges indicating that bonding is likely limited to Van der Waals forces and mechanical fiber interlocking.     

Fractional order model for diagnosis of flooding and drying of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell

The diagnosis and control of PEMFCs hydration states depend on the reliable models and methods of monitoring of system operating. Impedance spectroscopy was generally used to describe fuel cell systems and derived impedance models. This study investigated the characterization and diagnosis of fuel cells by using fractional order impedance model as an explicit transfer function and factor design methodology (DOE) to determine the model parameters. The physical parameters appeared very sensitive to humidity and then used for monitoring and diagnosing of fuel cells. The proposed model is suitable to represent Randles impedance model equivalent electrical circuit enhanced by CPE, with the ability to generate the Nyquist impedance spectra easily for all conditions of relative humidity and operating time.The comparison between the literature experimental impedance spectra in both cases (drying and flooding), and the spectra simulated by the explicit fractional order impedance model demonstrated that the proposed model was robust and reliable and can, therefore, be integrated into the PEMFCs water management system.     

The effect of bark content on quality parameters of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) pellets

Increased use of pellets has resulted in a shortage of the traditional raw materials required for pellet making, including saw dust, shavings and cuttings from saw mills. Therefore, the pellets industry has started to look for alternative raw materials. Limited consumption of pulpwood from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Norway has made it a potential raw material for the pellets industry.A study on how bark content affects the quality of pellets is reported in this paper. Pellets from pinewood containing zero, five, 10, 30 and 100 percent bark were produced, and their quality parameters were evaluated. Combustion tests were also performed on the produced pellets.Pellets made from pure bark had the best mechanical properties compared with pellets made of wood containing various concentrations of bark. The differences were not substantial and the durability for all chosen assortments was in the same quality class in the CEN standard. A positive effect off the amount of steam added was found. The bulk densities of the blend pellets were higher than those of pure wood and bark. The ash content increased with the amount of bark in the pellets. There were no problems with sintering when the bark content was low (five and 10 percent). For pure bark pellets some sintering was registered.     

成型炭化过程对磷酸-污泥-木屑成型炭性能的影响

以杉木屑和污泥为原料,磷酸为添加剂,探讨成型温度（70~100 ℃）、成型压力（80~110 MPa）和炭化温度（300~600 ℃）对磷酸-污泥-杉木屑成型炭物理性能和产率的影响,并对物理性能最佳的成型炭进行燃烧特性分析和重金属分析。结果表明,成型温度与成型压力对成型炭物理性能的影响相似,随着成型压力的增大和成型温度的升高成型炭物理性能均先升高后下降,炭化温度对成型炭物理性能影响较复杂。经80 ℃和100 MPa成型后再经500 ℃炭化制得的成型炭表观密度与抗压强度最大,分别为1279.0 kg/m³和18.7 MPa,均远高于商用烧烤炭。成型炭产率随炭化温度的升高而减小,由300 ℃的72.0%减至600 ℃的52.2%。较高的成型炭物理性能和产率可在一定程度上降低储存和运输成本,实现生物质废弃物的高效利用。     

消声器改进设计中内部声学问题的数值计算

通过改进消声器的物理模型,基于间接边界元法利用Sysnoise对其内部声学问题进行了数值计算,并对计算结果与试验结果进行了比较分析.分析结果表明：改进后的消声器由于加入了穿孔管结构,并在内插内壁安装吸声材料,从而形成阻抗复合消声器,可有效增加声波的反射和声能的损耗,改善消声性能.     

Measurements of wood pellets self-heating kinetic parameters using isothermal calorimetry

Wood pellets release heat and gases during storage. A TAM air isothermal calorimeter was used to measure the rate of heat release by bulk pellets at temperatures ranging from 30 to 50 °C. The results showed that self-heating rate at the tested temperature range strongly depended on the reaction temperature and the age of pellets. Heat release rate increased as the reaction temperature increased but the rate was not sensitive to pellets moisture content. The activation energy of the self-heating reaction increased with the age of pellets. A simple global kinetic model for self-heating was developed from the experimental data. The model can be applied to simulate the self-heating process in pellets storage containers at different storage temperatures and age of stored pellets.