4BTAA柴油机螺旋进气道三维数值模拟

以未简化的实际发动机产品气道为研究对象，使用三维流动力学软件完成了气道稳流试验台中气道，气缸流动的三维数值模拟计算，模拟计算的流场显示出了在气道试验台条件下空气流动过程的详细状况，气道性能评价参数(流量系数和气流扭矩)的流动计算结果与气道试验结果吻合较好，研制出的气道已用于达欧Ⅱ排放标准的4BTAA从柴油机中，数值模拟精度表明，气道CFD计算可以为发动机开发中气道设计提供理论依据。     

基于数值模拟的螺旋进气道结构优化

以实际产品气道为基础，使用UG软件完成气道的三维实体造型与修改，用三维流体动力学软件AVL-FIRE完成稳流试验台中气道-气缸流动的三维数值模拟计算，并对螺旋进气道结构参数进行优化。结果表明：螺旋进气道的性能是气道结构参数之间交互作用的结果，该气道的流通性能很好。在三维流动分析的基础上提出了一系列的改进措施；对比各种改进措施下的模拟计算结果，发现在不减小流量系数的前提下，通过适当地减小气门凸台厚度和增大涡流室高度相结合的方法来增大涡流室容积可以明显提高产生涡流的能力，是一种有效而又合理的改进办法。     

四气门汽油机进气道气流运动的三维数值模拟研究

利用三维流体动力学软件对实际四气门汽油机进气道的气流运动进行了气道稳流试验台的三维数值模拟计算.计算结果显示出在气道稳流试验台条件下的三维空气流动的详细状况,并表明在发动机缸内可以形成明显的滚流.气道流动性能评价参数的计算与试验结果比较表明：数值模拟的精度较高,可为发动机气道设计开发提供理论依据.     

四气门柴油机进气道的三维实体造型及流场数值模拟

本文介绍了四气门柴油机双进气道设计的一种现代方法，即应用反向工程技术实现气道三维造型，并应用CFD软件FIRE对其实现气道一气门一气缸内气体三维数值模拟，计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。对气道内气流流动特性进行评价及对比，得出对于单进气道布置以切向布置最佳，因这样能产生相对大的涡流，双进气道因两气流产生干涉，造成少量的流量损失，但却会增强缸内的涡流。     

基于CAD/CFD发动机气道的设计

以应用于实际设计为目的,研究了三维造型设计方法在发动机螺旋进气道设计中的应用。实现了PROE设计以及高精度的流动数值模拟,为气道的设计与改进提供了高效实用的研究手段。讨论了螺旋气道三维建模的基本过程,研究了网格尺寸对计算结果收敛性的影响。最后,以气道试验验证计算结果的准确性。三维设计表明,现代设计方法的应用有益于克服传统设计中的盲目性与局限性,提高产品的自主开发能力与设计制造质量。     

采用3D-PIV技术测量汽油机的滚流强度

自主搭建了三维粒子图像测速(3D-PIV)系统,在内燃机气道稳流试验台上测试气道流动特性.首先通过直管道流动试验以及2D-PIV试验验证了该3D-PIV系统测试结果的可靠性,随后测量了稳态试验条件下缸内流场形态,进而分析了气道的滚流强度,并与在气道稳流试验台上测得的滚流强度进行了对比.此外,研究了不同翻板位置对气道滚流强度的影响,结果表明:在气道稳流试验台上测得的滚流强度随气门升程增加呈逐渐上升趋势,而由3DPIV测得的滚流强度呈现非单调变化的特点,且在数值上高于气道试验台测量结果.使用3D-PIV可以更准确地测量滚流强度,有效地避免模拟缸套带来的摩擦损失.关闭翻板可以显著增大滚流强度,尤其在气门升程超过5,mm之后.     

现生产缸盖进气道与座圈错位问题的分析与改进

为了解决现生产汽油机缸盖座圈与进气道喉口的错位问题,提高产品的一致性,一方面加强供应商的过程控制及模具定位精度调整,另一方面利用三维模型设计软件Pro/E Wildfire 3.0对原始气道进行重新设计,在气道喉口处增加加工余量,通过机械加工把毛坯的余量去掉,从而保证座圈与气道口不再发生错位问题。更改后的气道与原始气道分别通过三维流体动力学软件AVL-fire稳态模拟计算和气道试验台试验结果对比,更改后的气道流量系数与原始方案相当,滚流比有所提升。通过台架性能对比试验验证满足发动机性能要求。     

基于发动机三维流动模拟与一维动力性能模拟的气道参数化设计研究

模拟了CG150型发动机进气道-气缸-排气道的三维流动特性,分析得到其进、排气道的流量系数和缸内涡流比;并进一步将三维模拟的结果作为一维模拟的输入参数,通过模拟一维发动机的整机工作循环,得到发动机的外特性曲线,与试验台中得到的外特性结果进行对比,验证了数值试验平台的可靠性;最后,利用参数化设计方法改进发动机的气道参数,并利用上述数值试验平台,验证改进后的方案,提高了气道的流通能力。本文提出的参数化设计方法可以指导一般气道设计。     

基于Solidworks的柴油机螺旋进气道参数化设计

柴油机进气道对整机的性能有着关键性的影响,目前国内对螺旋进气道的设计主要采用逆向设计,正向设计使用较少。我们使用三维造型软件进行了螺旋进气道的正向设计,并利用CFD计算结果对设计进行了改进,通过气道稳态试验对设计结果进行了验证,结果显示CFD计算结果与试验结果较一致,证明该方法在工程运用中是可行的。     

进气道稳流试验装置内三维流动特性的数值模拟

使用FLUENT商业软件，采用RNG κ-ε湍流模型，对稳定流动实验条件下，不同进气道角度时切向进气道一气门一气缸内的流场，在两种气门升程下进行了三维数值模拟；分析了气道一气门一气缸内气体的稳态流动特性；总结了不同气道角度、不同气门升程时气道和缸内气体流动的变化规律。随着气门升程的增加，气道角度对缸内涡流的影响增大，并且涡流和滚流相互抑制。     

Optical properties and thermal stability of pulsed-sputter-deposited AlxOy/Al/AlxOy multilayer absorber coatings

Spectrally selective Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber coatings were deposited on copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo) substrates using a pulsed sputtering system. The Al targets were sputtered using asymmetric bipolar-pulsed DC generators in Ar+O₂ and Ar plasmas to deposit an Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y coating. The compositions and thicknesses of the individual component layers were optimized to achieve high solar absorptance (α=0.950-0.970) and low thermal emittance (ε=0.05-0.08). The X-ray diffraction data in thin film mode showed an amorphous structure of the Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y coating. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data of the Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber indicated that the Al_xO_y layers present in the coating were non-stoichiometric. The optical constants (n and k) of the multilayer absorber were determined from the spectroscopic ellipsometric data. Drude's free-electron model was used for generating the theoretical dispersion of optical constants for Al films, while the Tauc-Lorentz model was used for modeling optical properties of the dielectric Al_xO_y layers. In order to study the thermal stability of the Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y coatings, they were subjected to heat treatment (in air and vacuum) at different temperatures and durations. The multilayer absorber deposited on Cu substrates exhibited high solar selectivity (α/ε) of 0.901/0.06 even after heat-treatment in air up to 400 °C for 2 h. At 450 °C, the solar selectivity decreased significantly on Cu substrates (e.g., α/ε=0.790/0.07). The coatings deposited on Mo substrates were thermally stable up to 800 °C in vacuum with a solar selectivity of 0.934/0.05. The structural stability of the absorber coatings heat treated in air (up to 400 °C) and vacuum (up to 800 °C) was confirmed by micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements. Studies on the accelerated aging tests suggested that the absorber coatings on Cu were stable in air up to 75 h at 300 °C and the service lifetime of the multilayer absorber was predicted to be more than 25 years. Further, the activation energy for the degradation of the multilayer absorber heat treated for longer durations in air is of the order of 64 kJ/mol.     

Explosion behavior of CH4/O2/N2/CO2 and H2/O2/N2/CO2 mixtures

In this work, the explosion behavior of stoichiometric CH₄/O₂/N₂/CO₂ and H₂/O₂/N₂/CO₂ mixtures has been studied both experimentally and theoretically at different CO₂ contents and oxygen air enrichment factors. Peak pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise and laminar burning velocity were measured from pressure time records of explosions occurring in a closed cylindrical vessel. The laminar burning velocity was also computed through CHEMKIN–PREMIX simulations.     

Structural and transport properties of LixNi1−y−zCoyMnzO2 cathode materials

In this work structural and transport properties of layered LiNi_1−y−zCo_yMn_zO₂ (y = 0.25, 0.35, 0.5 and z = 0.1) cathode materials are presented. In the considered group of oxides, LiNi_1−y−zCo_yMn_zO₂, there is no clear correlation between electrical conductivity and the a parameter (M-M distance in the octahedra layers). A non-monotonic modification of electrical properties of Li_xNi_0.65Co_0.25Mn_0.1O₂ cathode materials is observed upon lithium deintercalation.     

Hydrogen storage properties of multi-principal-component CoFeMnTixVyZrz alloys

This study presents an innovative multi-principal-element CoFeMnTiVZr alloy system for the absorption and desorption of hydrogen. Pressure-composition-isotherms (PCIs) demonstrate that CoFeMnTi_xVZr, CoFeMnTiV_yZr, and CoFeMnTiVZr_z can absorb and desorb hydrogen for x, y, and z that satisfy 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 2.5, 0.4 ≤ y ≤ 3.0, and 0.4 ≤ z ≤ 3.0, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that CoFeMnTi_xV_yZr_z alloys have a simple C14 Laves phase with a single set of lattice parameters before and after PCI tests. The distributions of each element in CoFeMnTi_xV_yZr_z alloys are roughly equal, as revealed by SEM/EDS mapping. The effects of values x, y, and z on the hydrogen storage properties are elucidated in terms of lattice constant, element segregation, hydride formation enthalpies of the alloy components and hydrogen, and the averaged formation enthalpy. The high-entropy effect promotes the formation of a single C14 Laves phase, and the maximum hydrogen storage capacity is strongly related to the hydride formation enthalpy of the alloy and hydrogen.     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of layer-structured LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3−yAlyO2

Layer-structured LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3−yAl_yO₂ has been synthesized via a sol–gel method. The lattice constants of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3−yAl_yO₂ decrease with the concentration of aluminum ions. XANES analysis further confirms that the valence of cobalt ion is 3+, and that of Ni is between 2+ and 3+ in LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3−yAl_yO₂. With doping aluminum ions, the redox centers for the electrochemical reaction change from nickel ions alone to both nickel and cobalt ions. The amounts of de-intercalatable lithium ions are affected by the concentration of aluminum ions; however, the extracting efficiency of lithium ions is improved by doping aluminum ions. Among all the samples, LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_0.23Al_0.1O₂ exhibits the best capacity retention and the least irreversible capacity.     

Metal/CdTe/CdS/Cd1−xZnxS/TCO/glass: A new CdTe thin film solar cell structure

The potential of CdTe/CdS/Cd_1−xZn_xS structure as an alternative to CdTe/CdS structure in photovoltaic application has been demonstrated. The unoptimized solar cell structure grown on transparent conducting oxide coated soda lime glass of 3 mm thickness with no antireflection coating yielded a 10% efficiency. This efficiency is the highest ever recorded in any Cd_1−xZn_xS film containing CdTe solar cells.     

Hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming over core–shell structured NixOy–, FexOy–, and CoxOy–Pd catalysts

The present work focused on the investigation of the hydrogen generation through the ethanol steam reforming over the core–shell structured Ni_xO_y–, Fe_xO_y–, and Co_xO_y–Pd loaded Zeolite Y catalysts. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of Ni_xO_y–Pd represented a very clear core–shell structure, but the other two catalysts, Co_xO_y– and Fe_xO_y–Pd, were irregular and non-uniform. The catalytic performances differed according to the added core metal and the support. The core–shell structured Co_xO_y–Pd/Zeolite Y provided a significantly higher reforming reactivity compared to the other catalysts. The H₂ production was maximized to 98% over Co_xO_y–Pd(50.0 wt%)/Zeolite Y at the conditions of reaction temperature 600 °C, CH₃CH₂OH:H₂O = 1:3, and GHSV (gas hourly space velocity) 8400 h⁻¹. In the mechanism that was suggested in this work, the cobalt component played an important role in the partial oxidation and the CO activation for acetaldehyde and CO₂ respectively, and eventually, cobalt increased the hydrogen yield and suppressed the CO generation.     

Burning velocities and kinetics of H2/NF3/N2, CH4/NF3/N2, and C3H8/NF3/N2 flames

The combustion characteristics and reaction mechanism of mixtures containing nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃) were investigated. Burning velocities for H₂/NF₃/N₂, CH₄/NF₃/N₂, and C₃H₈/NF₃/N₂ flames were determined for the first time at various equivalence ratios and N₂ mole fractions. The burning velocities of the latter two flames were similar and showed peaks at equivalence ratios of ∼1.0, while those of the H₂/NF₃/N₂ flames had the pronounced peak at low equivalence ratios where the formation of the wrinkled flames was observed. A detailed kinetic model was constructed to simulate the laminar burning velocities of H₂/NF₃/N₂ and CH₄/NF₃/N₂ flames. The model accurately reproduced the experimental results. Analyses of the reaction mechanism revealed the major reaction pathways that involve the decomposition of NF₃, the oxidation and chain-fluoridation of H₂ and CH₄, and the formation of N₂.     

Experimental and modeling studies of C2H4/O2/Ar, C2H4/methylal/O2/Ar and C2H4/ethylal/O2/Ar rich flames and the effect of oxygenated additives

The addition of dimethoxymethane (DMM or methylal) and diethoxymethane (DEM or ethylal) to a rich ethylene/oxygen/argon flame has been investigated by measuring the depletion of soot precursors. Three rich premixed ethylene/oxygen/argon (with and without added methylal or ethylal) flat flames have been stabilized at low-pressure (50 mbar) on a Spalding–Botha type burner with the same equivalence ratio of 2.50. Identification and monitoring of signal intensity profiles of species within the flames have been carried out by using molecular beam mass spectrometry (M.B.M.S.). The replacement of some C₂H₄ by C₃H₈O₂ or C₅H₁₂O₂ is responsible for a decrease of the maximum mole fractions of the detected intermediate species. This phenomenon is noticeable for C₂–C₄ intermediates and becomes more effective for C₅–C₁₀ species, mainly when C₃H₈O₂ added.A new kinetic model has been elaborated and contains 546 reactions and 107 chemical species in order to simulate the three investigated flames: C₂H₄/O₂/Ar, C₂H₄/DMM/O₂/Ar and C₂H₄/DEM/O₂/Ar. The reaction mechanism well reproduces experimental mole fraction profiles of major and intermediate species, and underlines the effect of methylal and ethylal addition on species concentration profiles for these flames.     

C/H/O/N/S/Cl/K/Na元素的详细化学反应机理的简化与验证

基于Senkin模型,应用自编化学反应机理简化程序,结合Kinalc和Mechmod开源程序,发展了详细化学反应机理的简化与验证方法.以电站锅炉燃烧的计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟为应用背景,建立了考虑C/H/O/N/S/Cl/K/Na元素的详细化学反应机理(115组分,1,342基元反应),并运用此方法得到简化反应机理(28组分,20反应).验证结果表明,该简化机理在锅炉运行的主要参数变化范围内(温度T=1,100～1,500,℃,过量空气系数λ=0.8～1.2)具有较好的准确性和较高的计算效率,可应用于锅炉燃烧的CFD计算.