带蒸汽冷却段的加热器端差基准值变工况特性研究

考虑了运行工况变化时加热器入口水温的变化对传热系数的影响,同时还注意到不同工况下的加热器水侧的平均定压比热是不同的,并用较为准确的计算方法计算了加热器水侧平均定压比热,定义了加热器换热面积变化系数￠,为加热器工况变化时准确求取凝结段的换热面积提供了方法和依据,最后通过建立能量平衡方程和传热效能方程,求得了加热器出口水温,从而确定了加热器端差的基准值.     

应用于燃煤电厂烟尘测量的烟气旋流加热器数值模拟研究

针对燃煤电厂烟尘测量用旋流加热器存在加热器尺寸过大、加热温度过高的问题,借助数值模拟软件建立旋流加热器三维模型,结合燃煤电厂排放烟气测量环境,分析了旋流加热器内部流场中的速度流线分布、液滴运动轨迹,对旋流加热器加热温度、旋流加热器长度和旋流加热器直径进行三因素五水平正交试验。结果表明：气体在旋流加热管道中随着旋流加热器长度的增加,气体旋流效果降低,液滴气化效率降低;旋流加热器体积越大,气体加热效率越小;旋流加热器最优参数为：直径0.12 m,加热器加热温度300℃,加热器长度为0.5 m。     

1000MW火电机组高压加热器㶲效率研究

高压加热器作为现代大型火电机组重要的辅机,其性能会直接影响整个机组的性能,为深挖加热器性能,达到节能减排目的.文章介绍了高压加热器?效率的计算方法,并以某1000 MW机组高压加热器系统为算例,给出了高压加热器的?效率与热效率结果对比,计算结果显示?效率更能清晰反应加热器端差变化时的性能的变化,能更好指导加热器节能减排工作.     

驻车加热器在商用车上应用的匹配计算

随着驻车加热器的广泛应用,尤其商用车领域开始大规模安装驻车加热器,驻车加热器应用于商用车上的合理选择更加重要与迫切了。本文内容主要介绍了商用车匹配计算的重要性及匹配计算框图,并接合福田重卡同步设计阶段情况,着重介绍了空气驻车加热器及液体驻车加热器在驾驶室取暖方面的匹配计算,还介绍了液体驻车加热器在发动机低温启动方面的匹配计算。     

600MW机组加热器增加疏水冷却段热经济分析

热力发电厂回热加热器增加疏水冷却段时可以降低该加热器放流到下一级加热器的疏水温度,从而减小了该疏水在下一级加热器的热交换温差,减小了不可逆性,达到了降低全厂热耗和节能的目的.文中采用循环函数法,通过对不同形式的加热器进行计算和比较,表明600MW机组回热系统在采用加热器增加疏水冷却段时会提高全厂的循环效率.     

不同运行工况下给水加热器端差特性的计算分析

给水加热器端差性能,随机组运行工况的变化而变化。对ASME加热器性能试验标准中采用的加热器性能计算方法进行了介绍,并对利用这种方法进行加热器端差性能的变工况计算进行了说明。针对某一国外机组提供的加热器变工况特性进行了核算,计算结果表明,采用ASME标准中提供的方法进行加热器性能变工况计算后得到的结果,与厂家提供的性能特性能较好的吻合。采用的方法在计算加热器特性时有明显的优势。     

矩形汽水管式热网加热器结构创新与应用

本文通过对目前热网加热器的种类特点及缺陷、换热效果的分析,提出了一种新型的矩形管式热网加热器,能够满足热网加热器的换热和安全使用要求。阐述了该矩型管式热网加热器的结构改进原理、构造特点与功能,举例介绍了汽水矩形管式热网加热器的设计方法和要点,工程实践表明该新型汽水矩形管式热网加热器可以很好的适应负荷变化和防止蒸汽冲击破坏。     

加热器效率扰动对机组能效影响分析

回热加热器在实际运行中存在散热损失,当加热器效率发生变化时,会直接影响机组的热经济性。为了计算加热器效率扰动对机组能效的影响强度,将考虑加热器效率的热力系统结构矩阵方程带入热力系统能效分析模型中,得到了可以计算加热器效率扰动强度系数的热力系统能效分析模型。计算了某660MW超临界机组加热器效率变化强度系数,并根据计算结果绘制了加热器效率变化强度系数的分布规律图和变化趋势图。分析了加热器效率扰动的分布规律和变化规律,指出了机组在运行中需要重点监视的加热器,为火电厂节能高效运行提供了理论参考依据。     

电加热器故障在线监测系统开发

针对传统的恒温恒湿设备电加热器出现故障时无法自动判断原因,设备结构复杂,拆装不便,严重影响汽车发动机试验开发效率等问题,自主开发设计了电加热器故障在线监测系统,该系统对工作中的电加热器电流进行监测,实时分析电加热器的工作状态。电加热器工作时,系统对电加热器的电流进行监测,当电流波动范围超出允许范围时,系统报警提示,电加热器显示故障。     

加热器端差基准值变工况特性研究

在考虑了冷却水入口水温的变化对加热器整体传热系数的影响基础上,利用效能—传热单元数法(ε-NTU法),建立了能量平衡方程和加热器的传热效能方程,从而解出了加热器出口水温,最后得到了加热器端差变工况时的基准值。     

欧美发展氢能和燃料电池汽车的举措及对我国的建议

目前发达国家都在加快对新型车用能源和车辆技术的研发。氢能和燃料电池技术被一些发达国家视为未来道路交通能源的理想解决方案,并投入巨资开展研发活动。目前欧美等国已经形成政府支持下的多方联合开发、推广氢能和燃料电池汽车技术的模式,企业之间也建立起优势互补、强强联合的合作伙伴关系。重点介绍了在欧洲氢能和燃料电池技术领域处于领先地位的德国的主要做法及取得的进展。我国氢能和燃料电池汽车技术的研发、示范和推广工作起步时间不长．国外先进国家的经验和做法值得借鉴。最后为我国发展氢能和燃料电池汽车提出了建议。     

The energy ecology derived from thermodynamic mass equivalence reveals critical energy reliability faults

The recent articulation of the thermodynamic mass-enthalpy equation on the basis of natural law was generalized and found to be compatible with observed wave-particle duality. Original causal derivations of premiere energy equations were obtained in a compact, interlocked manner, an energy ecology, which unifies historically disjointed physical concepts. The popular perception of the vacuo velocity of light was demoted to subconsequence status as a manifestation of the universal constant velocity found by extracting the square root of the universal proportionality constant between enthalpy and mass, the natural registry of which is given by the thermodynamic equivalence statement. All relationships with explicit vacuo light velocity connotations are affected. In particular, the classic formulae of Einstein, Planck, De Broglie and Compton are too. For the first time, an unambiguous natural law based method for performing absolute and coordinated mass and enthalpy balances is described. The methodology reveals the general presence of unexpected mass and enthalpy shortfalls in well studied systems wholly consistent with the existence of a novel fundamental particle. Dubbed the Avogadron, it has properties beyond and can function as both a companion to and a constituent of the entire inventory of known particles. As such, it represents a supraparticle, the first discovered, which appears to be the ultimate parcel of energy and matter with a universal presence in all processes and conversions. A sampling of the Avogadron's importance and applications is presented. The overall study revealed an enormous run of energy reliability conundrums which affect current science, technology and general practice. Popular expositions of thermodynamic law are shown to be misleading and prone to error. The fields of nuclear energy, medicine, genetics and weights and measures seem to be critically impacted. An international program for establishing definitive hierarchical energy codes, re-educating and re-qualifying personnel, conducting in-depth reliability assessments and implementing indicted correctives constitutes an immediate and dire imperative.     

静电纺丝法制备硅碳纳米纤维及其在锂钠离子电池中的应用

静电纺丝法由于具有工艺简单、功能多样等优点,是一种重要的制备一维锂钠离子电池纳米结构电极材料的方法。目前,已有大量利用静电纺丝技术制备高性能电极材料的研究报道,但具有系统性和针对性的综述论文尚十分有限。碳材料是最早被研究且已实现商业化的锂离子电池负极材料,硅材料则是理论容量最高的负极材料,因此,两者一直是学术界和工业界关注的重点;但碳材料理论容量低和硅材料体积变化大的问题严重阻碍了各自更广泛的实际应用。静电纺丝技术被证明是一种可以解决上述问题的十分有效的方法。因此,本文系统地综述了静电纺丝法制备的硅基和碳基纳米纤维在锂钠离子电池负极材料上的应用和发展,重点从静电纺丝原理、硅碳材料的设计及合成、结构的调控与优化、复合材料的制备到电化学性能的提高等方面作了详细介绍和讨论,同时也指出静电纺丝法在大规模生产中的不足及未来可能的发展方向。希望此综述可以为先进储能材料（尤其是硅基和碳基纳米电极材料）的设计和制备提供一些有益的指导和帮助。     

ω型燃烧室的结构设计及其匹配试验与分析

本文是从企业实际出发,为适应市场和社会的需求,而进行的开发研究。主要对燃烧室的结构形式进行分析,以理论为指导,以试验为依据,吸收和借鉴了国内外同行业先进的研究成果,融入了作者的观点,并在试验中得以论证,为今后同类型柴油机的配试,提供了试验依据。     

Theoretical models for effective electrical and electrochemical properties of nano-particle infiltrated electrode of solid oxide fuel cell

Single- and binary-phase nano-particle infiltrated electrodes (SIE and BIE) have been actively studied experimentally. To properly understand the experimental results and the benefits of SIE and BIE designs, new models for electrical conductivities of BIE and TPB lengths of SIE and BIE are proposed here. The models agree with experiments on the variation of conductivity with LSM loading. SIE and BIE may provide adequate electronic conductivity at low loading of conducting material. The theoretical effective properties are further used in multi-physics modeling and the obtained I–V curves also agree with the experiments. Quantitative comparisons of the ionic conductivities of SIE, BIE and conventional composite electrode (CE) are made. BIE possesses the longest TPB length and SIE may also yield a TPB length that is one order of magnitude larger than that of CE. The new theory allows for in-depth analysis and design optimization of BIE and SIE for improved performance.     

A framework for reviewing the trade-offs between, renewable energy, food, feed and wood production at a local level

High fuel prices and concerns about energy security and anthropogenic climate change are encouraging a transition towards a low carbon economy. Although energy policy is typically set at a national level, tools are needed for people to engage with energy policy at regional and local levels, and to guide decisions regarding land use, distributed generation and energy supply and demand. The aim of this paper is to develop a per-capita approach to renewable energy demand and supply within a landscape and to illustrate the key trade-offs between renewable energy, food, (animal) feed and wood production. The chosen case study area (16,000 ha) of Marston Vale, England is anticipated to have a population density midway between that for England and the UK. The daily per capita demand for energy for heat (31 kWh), transport (34 kWh) and electricity (15 kWh) when combined (80 kWh) was seven-fold higher than the combined demand for food (2 kWh), animal feed (6 kWh), and wood (4 kWh). Using described algorithms, the combined potential energy supply from domestic wind and photovoltaic panels, solar heating, ground-source heat, and municipal waste was limited (<10 kWh p⁻¹ d⁻¹). Additional electricity could be generated from landfill gas and commercial wind turbines, but these have temporal implications. Using a geographical information system and the Yield-SAFE tree and crop yield model, the capacity to supply bioethanol, biodiesel, and biomass, food, feed and wood was calculated and illustrated for three land-use scenarios. These scenarios highlight the limits on meeting energy demands for transport (33%) and heat (53%), even if all of the arable and grassland area was planted to a high yielding crop like wheat. The described framework therefore highlights the major constraints faced in meeting current UK energy demands from land-based renewable energy and the stark choices faced by decision makers.     

基于VB的柴油机工作过程计算

本文运用Visual Basic高级编程语言对柴油机的热力过程和动力过程进行编程计算,对参数进行优化设计,计算结果可列表显示,并绘制出示功图和各种受力图。程序界面友好,操作简单,提高设计效率,缩短开发周期,节约成本。     

堤防多尺度监测与分析评价

在分析堤防特点和多尺度概念基础上,提出了堤防多尺度监测和分析评价的相关概念及方法,给出了具体监测尺度评价方法,重点研究了监测自动化和信息系统集成,并探讨跨尺度评价方法及存在的问题,为堤防多尺度监测和分析评价提供了参考.     

Developing the geothermal resources map of Iran

Geothermal exploration involves a high degree of uncertainty and financial risk, and requires reliable exploration data to constrain development decisions. The paper describes a geothermal exploration and resource identification method that is based on building a map of potential geothermal resource areas by combining geological, geochemical and geophysical datasets; it is a powerful tool for visualizing new and existing data during decision-making processes. By performing suitability analysis and geothermal area identification, and by establishing criteria to define geothermal resources with development potential, a map of Iran was constructed highlighting 18 promising areas.     

生物质与煤流化床催化气化制备燃气

基于单一流化床两步气化法,以煤作为热载体和发热体,水蒸气为气化剂,CaO为催化剂,在自行研制的流化床热态装置上对生物质（锯木）气化制备燃气进行了研究。探讨了温度和水蒸气与锯木比对燃气组分和低位热值的影响。在所研究的操作参数范围内,（H2 + CO）含量为67.58% ~ 74.9%,燃气低位热值为10719.09 kJ/Nm3 ~ 12002.44 kJ/Nm3。实验结果表明,含少量N2的中热值燃气可以被获得,H2和CO是燃气中最主要的两种气体。随着温度的升高,燃气中H2和CO含量增加,而CH4和CO2含量及燃气低位热值则呈现下降趋势。随着水蒸气与锯木比的增加,燃气中H2和CO2含量增加,而CH4和CO含量则相应的减小。