Experimental investigation on the performance of ORC power system using zeotropic mixture R601a/R600a

An experimental study on the practical performance of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system using zeotropic mixture is performed by using a small scale ORC power generation experimental setup. R601a/R600a is selected as the working fluid. The effects of mixture composition, heat source temperature, and working fluid flow rate on the performance of ORC system are investigated. The experimental results indicate that the net power output first increases and then decreases as the R600a concentration increases. The optimal mixture composition with the maximum net power output is 0.6/0.4 (mass fraction) at the heat source temperature of 115°C. The net power output of R601a/R600a (0.6/0.4) is higher than that of R601a by 25%, indicating that the performance of ORC system can be clearly improved by using the zeotropic mixture. For a fixed working fluid flow rate, both net power output and thermal efficiency first decrease slowly and then drop sharply with the decrease of the heat source temperature. The appropriate superheat degree of R601a/R600a is in the range of 15 to 20°C when the heat source temperature has a small variation. In addition, the optimal working fluid volume flow rates yielding the maximum net power output are obtained for different compositions of R601a/R600a. The experimental results in the study can be of great significance for the design and operation of ORC power system using zeotropic mixture. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance analysis of an Organic Rankine Cycle with superheating under different heat source temperature conditions

This paper presents an analysis of non-regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), based on the parametric optimization, using R-12, R-123, R-134a and R-717 as working fluids superheated at constant pressure. A computer programme has been developed to parametrically optimize and compare the system and second law efficiency, irreversibility of the system, availability ratio, work output, mass flow rate with increase in turbine inlet temperature (TIT) under different heat source temperature conditions. The calculated results reveal that R-123 produces the maximum efficiencies and turbine work output with minimum irreversibility for employed constant as well as variable heat source temperature conditions. Hence, selection of a non-regenerative ORC during superheating using R-123 as working fluid appears to be a choice system for converting low-grade heat to power.     

Design and testing of the Organic Rankine Cycle

We propose a new type of environmentally friendly system called the “Organic Rankine Cycle” (ORC) in which low-grade heat sources are utilized. This system combines a circulated thermosyphon with a turbine system. The working fluid used in this study is an organic substance which has a low boiling point and a low latent heat for using low-grade heat sources. A numerical simulation model of the ORC is made in order to estimate its optimum operating conditions. An experimental apparatus is also made in this study. From the numerical simulation, it is suggested that HCFC-123 gives higher turbine power than water which is a conventional working fluid, and operating conditions where saturated vapor at the turbine inlet would give the best performance. From the experimental results, HCFC-123 improves the cycle performance drastically. In addition, the turbine made for trial use in this study gives good performance.     

Heat pump enhanced gas turbine cogeneration

A significant fraction of the gaseous fuel supplied to industry will be used in medium- and small-size cogeneration plants. In this paper, a gas turbine and a gas engine of about 800 kW power output are compared at full and part load operation. When low-temperature heat (e.g., for space heating) is produced, the higher exhaust losses of the gas turbine yield a lower system efficiency, particularly at part load. A scheme is proposed to recover the exhaust gas energy by cooling to a temperature near ambient. The system features a heat pump to raise the recovered heat temperature to a usable level and an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) engine to drive the heat pump. The ORC engine uses the high-temperature fraction of the heat recovered from the exhaust. The data for the ORC engine are derived from an actual experimental engine. The performance is calculated for the system at full load.     

有机朗肯循环回收直接空冷机组排气余热系统的热力性能研究

空冷机组汽机排汽热损失巨大,而有机朗肯循环是利用中低温热源的重要技术之一。提出采用有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热的技术方案,建立空冷机组和有机朗肯循环的物理模型,编制有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热技术的模拟程序,并将模拟计算结果与厂家提供的某型号有机朗肯循环机组的性能数据进行对比。以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟某典型600 MW机组为对象,探究汽机乏汽温度、环境温度、ORC机组过热度等关键参数变化对系统热力性能的影响规律。结果表明,ORC机组净出功和ORC机组热效率随着汽机乏汽温度的升高而增大,而随着环境温度和ORC机组过热度的增大而减小。     

A study on performance of solid oxide fuel cell‐organic Rankine cycle combined system

This study presents an energetic performance analysis for a combined power generation system consisting of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and an organic Rankine cycle (ORC). In order to simulate the SOFC–ORC combined system under steady‐state conditions, a mathematical model is developed. The developed model is used to determine the potential effects caused by the changes of the design parameters on the energetic performance of the combined system. As design parameters, turbine inlet pressure, condenser temperature, fuel utilization, current density, compressor pressure ratio, and cell operating temperature are taken into account. In this regard, the electrical power and First Law efficiency are estimated by parametrical analysis and discussed comprehensively. Results of these analyses show that the efficiency is increased about 14–25% by recovering SOFC waste heat through ORC based on investigated design parameter conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有机工质低温余热发电系统多目标优化设计

针对现有有机朗肯循环单目标优化设计的局限性,从热力性、经济性等多方面对有机工质低温余热发电系统进行多目标优化设计.以系统效率最大和总投资费用最小为目标函数,选取透平进口温度、透平进口压力、余热锅炉节点温差、接近点温差和冷凝器端差等5个关键热力参数作为决策变量,利用非支配解排序遗传算法(NSGA-II)分别对采用R123、R245fa和异丁烷的有机工质余热发电系统进行多目标优化,获得不同工质的多目标优化的最优解集(Pareto最优前沿),并采用理想点辅助法从最优解集中选择出最优解及相应的系统最佳热力参数组合.结果表明:在给定余热条件下,从热力性能和经济性两方面考虑,R245fa是最优的有机工质,从多目标优化的最优解集中选择出的最佳效率为10.37%,最小总投资费用为455.84万元.     

子宫肌瘤数字化三维动脉血管网的构建和意义

【摘要】 目的 探讨构建基于CTA数据的子宫肌瘤数字化三维动脉血管网的方法,并通过其观察肌瘤的血供来源和血供分布类型?方法 选取子宫肌瘤患者64例行双源CTA扫描,获取CT原始图像后利用Mimics10.01软件对子宫肌瘤动脉血管网进行数字化三维重建,并作分析。结果 (1)构建了64例患者的子宫肌瘤数字化三维动脉血管网,可清晰的显示盆腔大动脉。子宫动脉及肌瘤的主要供血血管和血供分布情况。(2)患者肌瘤的血供来源分别为子宫动脉(81.25%)。子宫动脉和单侧卵巢动脉(10.9%)、子宫动脉和双侧卵巢动脉(4.69%)及卵巢动脉(3.1%)。(3)子宫肌瘤血供的分布类型可分为4型:①Ⅰ型:一侧动脉供血为主型(一侧子宫动脉伴/不伴同侧卵巢动脉的供血量显著超过子宫肌瘤瘤体的1/2),占35.9%(23/64);②Ⅱ型:双侧动脉供血均衡型(双侧子宫动脉伴/不伴同侧卵巢动脉的供血量分别约为子宫肌瘤瘤体的1/2),占53.1%(34/64);③Ⅲ型:单纯一侧子宫动脉供血型,占7.8%(5/64);④Ⅳ型:卵巢动脉供血型,占3.1%(2/64)。结论 利用CTA和重建软件可以构建出数字化三维的子宫肌瘤动脉血管网,并可进行血供来源及分布的分析,为手术方案的制定和临床教学提供参考。     

跨临界-亚临界复叠式有机朗肯循环性能分析

热源温度高于473.15 K时,复叠式有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)可避免高温下工质热分解、膨胀比过大等缺点,相对单级ORC更具优势。跨临界循环相较常规亚临界具有更高的吸热压力及更好的热源匹配性,其与复叠式ORC耦合有望获得更优的热力性能。因此,构建了跨临界-亚临界复叠式ORC(TSORC),以473.15~573.15 K工业烟气为热源,针对5组工质,探究了吸热压力、冷凝压力对系统热力性能的影响,优化系统参数以获得最大净输出功;并与常规亚临界-亚临界复叠式ORC(SSORC)进行对比。结果表明:TSORC相对SSORC可有效增大系统净输出功,最多可提高23.9%;但当热源温度低于"等值热源温度"时,SSORC的输出功反而更大;以R1233zd-R1234ze(E)为工质的TSORC具有最大净输出功。     

Construction and dynamic test of a small-scale organic rankine cycle

The fundamentals of a newly constructed kW-scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system on the use of R123 were illustrated. A specially designed and manufactured turbine was innovatively applied to this system. Formulations were developed to examine the heat transfer and power conversion processes of the ORC. Unlike water pumping, the vapor pressure of the pumped fluid in the ORC system was much higher, and cavitation was more easily facilitated. A technology was introduced to address this issue without a large height difference between the tank and the pump. A preliminary test of the constructed system under varying conditions was conducted. The mass flow rate through the pump was found to be unequal to that through the turbine during the converter frequency adjustment process. The two mass flow rates were influenced in different ways by the evaporator pressure. The experiment results show that a turbine isentropic efficiency of 0.65 and an ORC efficiency of 6.8% can be obtained with a temperature difference of about 70 °C between the hot and the cold sides. Overall, the turbine has demonstrated adequate performance by operating at off-design conditions, which underscores its potential for application in small-scale ORCs.     

太阳能喷射式制冷功冷联供系统

以太阳能为驱动热源,基于喷射式制冷和ORC,构建一种太阳能喷射式制冷功冷联供系统,该系统分为太阳能集热子系统和功冷联供子系统两部分。以R161为功冷联供子系统循环工质,通过Matlab建立该系统热力学模型,对其性能进行模拟,在设计工况下该系统制冷量为2.893 kW,净输出功为1.594 kW,功冷联供子系统制冷效率为12.47%,发电效率为6.87%,效率为41.45%。通过分析可知,该系统损占比较大的部件依次为太阳能集热器（73.3%）、发生器（12.14%）、蒸发器（5.03%）和透平（4.81%）。考虑到实际过程,分别研究系统内部参数改变和外部环境参数改变,对系统的影响,发现高低压发生器的温升由利于系统性能的提升,同时环境温度的升高以及太阳辐照度的提升均可改善集热器效率,从而提升系统性能。     

Thermo-economic analysis of using an organic Rankine cycle for heat recovery from both the cell stack and reformer in a PEMFC for power generation

Distributed power generation is gaining attention as a solution for the transmission loss and site selection in centralized power generation. Polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are suitable as a distributed power source for residential areas because of their high efficiency and low environmental impact. This study proposes a combined power generation system for recovering waste heat from both the cell stack and the reformer of a PEMFC by applying an organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The best working fluid with the highest ORC power output (i.e., the highest combined system efficiency) was identified through a parametric study of different working fluids. An economic analysis was also performed for different working fluids, waste heat sources, and types of system operation. The results show that the installation cost of the ORC can be recovered within the fuel cell's lifetime in all design cases. Greater cumulative profit can be generated by maintaining the same power output as the stand-alone PEMFC system for greater efficiency than when increasing the power output to sell surplus power. The results demonstrate that the optimal heat recovery from the PEMFC system is both thermodynamically and economically beneficial.     

Performance investigation of the heat pump and power generation integration system

A novel heat pump and power generation integration system (HPPGIS) using solar energy as a low temperature heat source was presented in this study. This system could be operated in both an organic Rankine cycle power generation (ORC‐PG) mode and a reverse Carnot cycle heat pump (RCC‐HP) mode. Compared with a single heat pump and power generation system, this system improved the utilization efficiency of solar energy, thus showing potential for the generation of economic benefits. Contrastive analyses of different working fluids using ORC‐PG and RCC‐HP systems were conducted first, leading to the selection of R142b and R245fa as optimal fluids. Then, an experimental investigation of the system was carried out under different conditions. A heat pump and ORC system model was proposed and validated by comparing experimental and simulated values. The experimental results indicated that the HPPGIS had good feasibility and stability in both modes. In the ORC‐PG mode, HPPGIS had a power output of 1.29 kW and a thermal efficiency of 4.71% when the water inlet temperature of the evaporator was 90.03°C. In the RCC‐HP mode, HPPGIS had a COP of 3.16 and a heat capacity of 33.24 kW when the water outlet temperature of the condenser was 106.23°C.     

有出口温度限制的热源亚临界有机朗肯循环最佳回热度定量准则的研究

我国的余热资源和可再生能源丰富,但部分余热资源和可再生能源分布比较分散,并存在温度和能量密度均较低的问题。基于传统能源转化技术,利用温度较低的余热资源和能量密度较低的可再生能源进行发电,会降低余热资源和可再生能源的热功转换效率。有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统可以有效利用低温热能进行发电。对于不同温度和形式的热源,采用合适的工质和循环工况,可以提高ORC系统的发电效率。有出口温度限制的热源是一种较为常见的热源形式,在ORC系统中增加回热装置可能会进一步提高热力循环对该类热源的利用效率。因此,文章针对有温度出口限制的热源,建立了亚临界ORC计算分析模型,选取了干流体和等熵流体作为循环工质,以热源回收?效率作为ORC系统的循环性能评价指标,系统地比较了不同回热度条件下ORC系统的循环性能。文章系统地分析了回热流程对ORC系统循环性能的影响规律,并将计算结果进行理论关联,首次建立了依据冷源和热源条件直接选取最佳回热度的定量准则。     

Energy utilisation in a combined geothermal and organic Rankine power cycles

This study involves the design of a single flash cycle which comprises a separator, steam turbine, condenser and pump combined with Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The ORC has a three-stage heat exchanger. The mass flow rate of the organic fluid varies depending on the type of organic fluid. The system is heated by geothermal water. The effect of changing the geothermal water temperature [200–260°C] on performance parameters including the power output and overall efficiency has been studied. Four working fluids (n-Butane, Isobutane, R11 and R123) were chosen depending on their properties. The results show that a drop in the source temperature (T₁) by 10% will result in 9.7% and 25.3% drop in overall efficiency and net power output for Isobutane. Also, Isobutane has a drop of 4.2% in both; overall efficiency and net power output for a 10% drop in pressure ratio (r_p). R11 shows the highest overall efficiency and net power output (18.76% and 24.887 MW) respectively at the design point.     

Modelling of organic Rankine cycle system and heat exchanger components

Numerical models of a standard organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system and the heat exchangers comprising the system are developed as a design tool platform for a flexible design. The objective is design of an efficient, cost-effective ORC power plant that can effectively exploit low-grade industrial waste heat or low to medium-temperature geothermal fluid. Typical heat exchanger configurations were modelled, including the circular finned-tube evaporator, air-cooled condenser, and flat-plate preheater. A published ORC configuration and process conditions from experiments are used for the thermodynamic cycle analysis in order to validate of the system model. Heat transfer correlations and friction factors are described for the modelling of the heat exchangers. The simulation results of the ORC system provide the design requirements for the heat exchangers. Geometric specifications and performance of the heat exchangers are determined by iterative simulations.     

Candidate radial-inflow turbines and high-density working fluids for geothermal power systems

Optimisation of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORCs) for binary-cycle geothermal applications could play a major role in determining the competitiveness of low to moderate temperature geothermal resources. Part of this optimisation process is matching cycles to a given resource such that power output can be maximised. Two major and largely interrelated components of the cycle are the working fluid and the turbine. Both components need careful consideration: the selection of working fluid and appropriate operating conditions as well as optimisation of the turbine design for those conditions will determine the amount of power that can be extracted from a resource. In this paper, we present the rationale for the use of radial-inflow turbines for ORC applications and the preliminary design of several radial-inflow machines based on a number of promising ORC systems that use five different working fluids: R134a, R143a, R236fa, R245fa and n-Pentane. Preliminary meanline analysis lead to the generation of turbine designs for the various cycles with similar efficiencies (77%) but large differences in dimensions (139-289 mm rotor diameter). The highest performing cycle, based on R134a, was found to produce 33% more net power from a 150 °C resource flowing at 10 kg/s than the lowest performing cycle, based on n-Pentane.     

Performance analysis of cogeneration systems based on micro gas turbine (MGT), organic Rankine cycle and ejector refrigeration cycle

In this paper, the operation performance of three novel kinds of cogeneration systems under design and off-design condition was investigated. The systems are MGT (micro gas turbine) + ORC (organic Rankine cycle) for electricity demand, MGT+ ERC (ejector refrigeration cycle) for electricity and cooling demand, and MGT+ ORC+ ERC for electricity and cooling demand. The effect of 5 different working fluids on cogeneration systems was studied. The results show that under the design condition, when using R600 in the bottoming cycle, the MGT+ ORC system has the lowest total output of 117.1 kW with a thermal efficiency of 0.334, and the MGT+ ERC system has the largest total output of 142.6 kW with a thermal efficiency of 0.408. For the MGT+ ORC+ ERC system, the total output is between the other two systems, which is 129.3 kW with a thermal efficiency of 0.370. For the effect of different working fluids, R123 is the most suitable working fluid for MGT+ ORC with the maximum electricity output power and R600 is the most suitable working fluid for MGT+ ERC with the maximum cooling capacity, while both R600 and R123 can make MGT+ ORC+ ERC achieve a good comprehensive performance of refrigeration and electricity. The thermal efficiency of three cogeneration systems can be effectively improved under off-design condition because the bottoming cycle can compensate for the power decrease of MGT. The results obtained in this paper can provide a reference for the design and operation of the cogeneration system for distributed energy systems (DES).     

Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of a solar-driven regenerative organic Rankine cycle (ORC) based on flat-plate solar collectors

This paper presents a regenerative organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to utilize the solar energy over a low temperature range. Flat-plate solar collectors are used to collect the solar radiation for their low costs. A thermal storage system is employed to store the collected solar energy and provide continuous power output when solar radiation is insufficient. A daily average efficiency is defined to evaluate the system performance exactly instead of instantaneous efficiency. By establishing mathematical models to simulate the system under steady-state conditions, parametric analysis is conducted to examine the effects of some thermodynamic parameters on the system performance using different working fluids. The system is also optimized with the daily average efficiency as its objective function by means of genetic algorithm under the given conditions. The results indicate that under the actual constraints, increasing turbine inlet pressure and temperature or lowering the turbine back pressure could improve the system performance. The parametric optimization also implies that a higher turbine inlet temperature with saturated vapor state could obtain the better system performance. Compared with other working fluids, R245fa and R123 are the most suitable working fluids for the system due to their high system performance and low operation pressure.     

100 MW级蒸汽轮机系统稳态变工况运行特性

  目的  为有效提高循环效率,整体煤气化联合循环（Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, IGCC）发电系统因其自身所具备的热效率高、污染小、运行灵活等优势得到广泛关注。余热锅炉与蒸汽轮机共同构成了联合循环系统的底循环。  方法  文章主要采用能量平衡和热力学计算公式,运用MATLAB进行建模运算,研究了蒸汽流量、给水温度、过热蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度的变化对蒸汽轮机的输出功率、热效率和蒸汽总吸热负荷的影响,同时在稳态运行的条件下,对底循环的工作原理和传质传热流程进行分析。  结果  结果表明:增加高压蒸汽流量,减小低压蒸汽流量,可以在具有较高热效率前提下,使蒸汽轮机输出更高的功率。在优化运行参数下,吸热负荷比参考工况减小了45.7 kW,热效率由23.82%增至26.92%。  结论  高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽的温度升高,蒸汽轮机系统热效率越高,但吸热负荷和输出功率变化幅度很小,可适当提高高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽的温度,有利于提高蒸汽轮机的热效率。而给水温度升高时,输出功率不随给水温度发生变化,而蒸汽吸热负荷会随着给水温度的升高而降低。给水温度越高,蒸汽所需热负荷就越小,有利于减少热能的输入而提高蒸汽轮机的热效率。