双动力自循环超"IC"厌氧反应器

一引言 双动力自循环超"IC"厌氧反应器,既能强力自循环净化污水也能干发酵生产沼气.目前,公知国际上各先进厌氧污水反应器结构复杂,自循环动力不足,建造和运行费高,效率还低.为了克服现有污水厌氧反应器结构复杂、投资大、效率低、自循环内动力不足的缺点,研究出双动力自循环超"IC"厌氧反应器,这种反应器结构简单、建造和运行费低、贮气容量大、用气压力稳定、自循环内动力强、效率高、管理使用方便、运行可靠.     

厌氧膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液在高负荷下的连续运行性能研究

为解决常规厌氧工艺在处理垃圾渗滤液的运行过程中存在微生物流失和出水水质较差等问题,考察了浸没式平板厌氧膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的运行性能.以垃圾填埋场新鲜渗滤液为研究对象,在中温(37±1)℃条件下进行连续厌氧消化试验,容积负荷为9.5 kgCOD/(m3·d),反应器运行67 d.实验表明,在水力停留时间为10 d...     

高浓度乙二醇气田废水厌氧生化处理试验研究

天然气输送过程中,通常注入乙二醇,以抑制水合物产生。由于回收时分离不完全,部分乙二醇与产出水混合,形成高浓度乙二醇气田废水。对于这类废水的处理,现有方法实际应用效果均不理想,在文献调研和分析的基础上,提出采用厌氧生化法处理。试验采用自行设计的厌氧生化反应器,整个试验过程依次为厌氧微生物适应阶段、提高负荷阶段、稳定运行阶段。试验结果显示:厌氧活性污泥对乙二醇气田废水的适应期为3d,经过20d的连续提高负荷,使最终负荷达到约12kg COD/(m3·d),稳定运行阶段进水COD浓度为13000mg/L,HRT控制在24h,稳定运行后出水COD在1000mg/L以下;进水COD浓度高于10000mg/L时,提高其p H值到7.4~7.5,可以保证厌氧效果不受影响。这表明,厌氧生化法处理含高浓度乙二醇气田废水是可行的。     

餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化连续运行性能：有机物转化效率、发酵稳定性与代谢活性

在高温 (50±1)℃条件下处理实际工程的餐厨垃圾,采用全混式厌氧反应器（CSTR）进行了80 d的连续试验。试验以水力停留时间（HRT）20 d启动,HRT 15 d连续运行,研究了反应器启动和运行期间的发酵特性,解析了餐厨垃圾厌氧消化运行稳定性和代谢活性。试验结果表明,在HRT 15 d、有机负荷（OLR）为7.3 kg_COD/(m³∙d)的条件下,容积产甲烷率为2.2 L/(L∙d),挥发性固体（VS）的甲烷产率达到480 L/kg_VS左右,有机物转化率约为95%。批次试验表明,高温产甲烷菌代谢乙酸能力较强,在适宜pH下可承受10 000 mg/L的乙酸浓度。餐厨垃圾的高温降解速率快,10 d达到90%的产气,有承受更高负荷的可能。系统pH稳定在7.6 ~ 7.7,总氨氮和自由氨浓度低于抑制水平。研究结果表明,餐厨垃圾的高温厌氧消化可实现较高的产气潜力和有机物去除率,系统稳定性好且有机物转化效率高,具有应用于工程高温餐厨垃圾厌氧处理的潜力。     

新型生物制氢反应器的运行及产氢特性

以厌氧活性污泥为产氢菌种,糖蜜废水为底物,研究了新型外循环颗粒污泥膨胀床(ECGSB)生物制氢反应器的运行及产氢特性.结果表明,ECGSB反应器可在较高的容积负荷(VLR)下实现高效稳定的产氢,稳定运行时,反应器内可观察到自絮凝产氢颗粒污泥的形成,污泥平均浓度高达24.1gVSS/d,系统最大产氢能力为7.43m3/m3·d,发酵气中氢气体积含量为50%～56%.系统形成自絮凝产氢颗粒污泥是ECGSB反应器高效运行和产氢的关键,自絮凝产氢颗粒污泥既增加了活性产氢细菌的生物持有量,又提高了系统抗冲击负荷的能力.连续流运行各项参数表明,ECGSB反应器具有良好的运行稳定性和产氢优势;提出乙醇型发酵快速启动的调控对策,在发酵法生物制氢领域具有广泛的应用前景.     

厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)启动特性研究

以葡萄糖为进水基质，研究了厌氧序批式反应器（ASBR）的启动过程。实验表明：在中温条件下接种普通厌氧污泥，逐步增加反应器负荷，经过168d的运行，ASBR反应器的容积负荷由接种时的1．5kgCODCr／m^3／d提高到了设计值：5kgCODCr／m^3／d，产气率达到0．33m^3/kgCOD,COD的去除率达到97．5％，出水的VFA稳定在250mg／L左右，污泥的最大乙酸、丙酸和丁酸代谢活性有大幅增加，甲酸代谢活性有所降低。     

干式厌氧发酵技术现状与国内应用项目简介

针对当前农业、工业及城市排放中的大量高浓度有机固体废弃物须要进行无害化处理和资源化利用的问题,文章从生物无害化处理的角度对当前的应用技术进行了探讨。从厌氧消化项目示范角度分析了国内外干式厌氧发酵技术工艺研究现状,并结合当前干法发酵工艺及反应器开发的进展,列举了在国内稳定运行的3个干式发酵案例,对各发酵工艺的优缺点进行了阐述。通过对干式厌氧技术及应用现状的阐述与分析,为干式厌氧发酵技术的发展及实际应用提供借鉴和指导。     

同步除S、脱N、除P的矿山废水综合治理可行性分析

为处理含硫酸盐矿山废水并使其资源化,提出在厌氧条件下,利用硫酸盐还原菌、脱氮硫杆菌等微生物,以矿区未经处理又不允许直接排放的生活污水为碳源,在厌氧生物反应器中处理矿区废水,达到同步除S、脱N、除P的效果,并回收单质硫这一新思路,并对其进行可行性分析.     

13．用逐次加料和连续流两种上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理填埋渗出液

目前，收集和处理填埋渗出液是填埋场运行中一个最迫切的事情。可供选择的方案中的一个是用好氧或厌氧生物学工艺处理填埋渗出液。但厌氧处理方法更适宜于高浓填埋渗出液，因为它运行成本较低，产生有用的沼气，并产生无病原体的固体残余物，后者可用来做土地覆盖材料。关于填埋渗出液厌氧处理的报告很多，但探讨用逐次投料反应器的方式运行的高速率上流式厌氧污泥床反应器应用于处理填埋渗出液的报告却不多。     

厌氧氨氧化工艺影响因素研究进展

厌氧氨氧化作为污水处理领域一项新技术,是目前最简洁经济的生物脱氮技术之一,越来越受到人们的关注。但厌氧氨氧化倍增时间长,对环境条件要求高,如何选择和控制厌氧氨氧化菌影响因素,对于快速和稳定培育厌氧氨氧化菌,具有非常重要的意义。介绍温度、pH、溶解氧、基质浓度、有机物及反应器类型等因素对厌氧氨氧化工艺的影响,并对厌氧氨氧化工艺发展提出建议。     

Photovoltaic materials, past, present, future

This paper traces briefly the history of this photovoltaic materials and it tries to look at possible future scenarios. A large part of the paper is concerned with silicon although from solid-state physics we know that silicon is not the ideal material for photovoltaic conversion. From the first solar cell developed at Bell Laboratories in 1954 photovoltaics was dominated by silicon. The reasons for this dominating position are investigated. Crystalline silicon today has a market share of 86% which is almost equally distributed between single crystal and cast silicon. Amorphous silicon has another 13%. The main endeavor is to reduce cost. Present trends in the crystalline field are reviewed. The conventional technology still has significant potential for cost reduction but this comes only with increasing volume. A problem to be solved is the supply of solar-grade silicon material. Other future possibilities include thin film crystalline silicon on different substrates. Because of the low absorption coefficient of silicon light trapping is required. True thin film materials need only 1–2 μm of material. Amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide (CIS) and CdTe are hopeful approaches for very cost-effective solar cells. Some other, more speculative materials and concepts are described at the end of this paper     

Hydrogen dissociation and diffusion on transition metal (= Ti,Zr, V,Fe, Ru,Co, Rh,Ni, Pd,Cu, Ag)-doped Mg(0001) surfaces

The kinetics of hydrogen absorption by magnesium bulk is affected by two main activated processes: the dissociation of the H₂ molecule and the diffusion of atomic H into the bulk. In order to have fast absorption kinetics both activated processed need to have a low barrier. Here we report a systematic ab initio density functional theory investigation of H₂ dissociation and subsequent atomic H diffusion on TM (= Ti, V, Zr, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, Cu, Ag)-doped Mg(0001) surfaces. The calculations show that doping the surface with TMs on the left of the periodic table eliminates the barrier for the dissociation of the molecule, but the H atoms bind very strongly to the TM, therefore hindering diffusion. Conversely, TMs on the right of the periodic table do not bind H, however, they do not reduce the barrier to dissociate H₂ significantly. Our results show that Fe, Ni and Rh, and to some extent Co and Pd, are all exceptions, combining low activation barriers for both processes, with Ni being the best possible choice.     

Solar optical properties of thin films of Cu, Ag, Au, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Al

The optical properties of metal coated glass substrates have been investigated. Thin films of various thicknessesof the noble metals: Cu, Ag, Au, the transition metals: Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and the free electron-like metal Al were thermally evaporated onto glass substrates. The front and backside reflectance and the transmittance between 0.35 and 15 μm were measured. The obtained data were used to calculate the integrated values of solar reflection and transmission as a function of metal film thickness. The application of metal films on domestic windows as sun-screens and heat-mirrors are discussed. It is concluded that Cu is the best coating in a window system if good heat insulating properties are desired. This is due to its ability to remain continuous at very thin film thicknesses. An infra-red reflectance of 86 per cent combined with a solar transmittance of 55 per cent was obtained for a 70film. For solar heat-protection Au-films are found to be superior owing to their transmittance peak in the middle of the visible wavelength region. The transition metals are less selective than the noble metals, but due to their flat response-curves in the visible range they cause a smaller change in colour of the transmitted and reflected light.     

Flexible, long-lived, large-area, organic solar cells

We report herein large area (>10 cm²), interconnected organic solar cell modules both on glass substrates as well as on flexible ultra-high barrier foils, reaching 1.5% and 0.5% overall power conversion efficiency under AM1.5 conditions. Series connection is described, as these modules consist of up to three cells. Using our flexible barrier material, a shelf lifetime of polythiophene-based solar cells of 6000 h could be realized. Furthermore, we compare the photovoltaic performance of efficient conjugated polymer:fullerene solar cell modules with established technologies. Under typical indoor-office lighting, our modules are competitive with these systems.     

Components,formulations, solutions,evaluation, and application of comprehensive combustion models

Development and application of comprehensive, multidimensional, computational combustion models are increasing at a significant pace across the world. While once confined to specialized research computer codes, these combustion models are becoming more readily accessible as features in commercially available computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computer codes. Simulations made with such computer codes offer great potential for use in analyzing, designing, retrofitting, and optimizing the performance of fossil-fuel combustion and conversion systems.The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of comprehensive combustion modeling technology as applied to fossil-fuel combustion processes. This overview is divided into three main parts. First, a brief review of the state-of-the-art of the various components or submodels that are required in a comprehensive combustion model is presented. These submodels embody mathematical and numerical representations of the fundamental principles that characterize the physico-chemical phenomena of interest. The submodel review is limited to those required for characterizing non-premixed, gaseous and pulverized coal gasification and combustion processes. A summary of the submodels that are available in representative computer codes is also presented.Second, the kinds of data required to evaluate and validate the predictions of comprehensive combustion codes are considered. To be viewed with confidence, code simulations must have been rigorously evaluated and validated by comparison with appropriate experimental data, preferably from a variety of combustor geometries at various geometric scales. Three sets of validation data are discussed in detail. Two sets are from the highly instrumented, pilot-scale combustor called the controlled profile reactor (CPR) (one natural gas-fired and one coal-fired), and the other set is for a full-scale, corner-fired 85 MW_e utility boiler.Third, representative applications of comprehensive combustion models are summarized, and three sets of model simulations are compared with experimental data. The model simulations for the three test cases were made using two commonly used, CFD-based computer codes with comprehensive combustion model features, PCGC-3 and FLUENT 4.4. In addition to the standard version of FLUENT, predictions were also made with a version of FLUENT incorporating advanced submodels for coal reactions and NO pollutant formation.