低温热源调峰供暖的最佳工况与参数

调峰参数的确定关系到供暖系统的设备容量选择，以及运行过程中的经济性问题。基于末端散热设备为散热器，在热稳定条件下，通过分析散热器供回水温度及系统流量与室外温度的函数关系，得出供暖调峰时的调峰室外启动温度、调峰运行时低温热源与调峰热源各自承担的负荷比例，并进一步分析了低温热源出力比例最大时的运行流量和流量分界温度的确定，以及低温热源与调峰热源的出力负荷分布。     

干式结构地板采暖运行模式的实验研究

探讨分析了一种将热盘管置于封闭夹层空间的干式结构的地板采暖方式。实验测试了不同地面盘管间距、不同室外条件和不同供热工况下，采暖开启时的预热阶段、间歇采暖和连续采暖时地板表面和诸壁面温度分布以及室内热环境变化的规律，为在满足室内热环境条件下，提供节能运行的方式。     

长沙市某办公建筑室内热环境与供暖行为研究

为了研究室内热环境与人员的供暖行为，以长沙市某办公建筑为例，对该办公建筑室内外热湿环境与供暖系统能耗进行了连续监测。根据室内温度、相对湿度与供暖设备能耗数据，分析了室内人员供暖行为以及室内热环境频率特性，并采用逻辑回归方法构建室内供暖设备开启率预测模型。结果表明：该办公建筑冬季室内平均温度为20.1 ℃，平均相对湿度为43.6%；室内供暖设备开启时刻室内温度均值为13.6 ℃，关闭时刻室内温度为22.8 ℃（人员热偏好行为作用下）；根据所构建的室内供暖设备开启率预测模型（sig = 0.000），得出当室外温度为10.7 ℃时，室内供暖设备开启概率为80%。     

深部地层储能技术与水源热泵联合应用工程实例

在详细阐述深部地层储能与水源热泵联合应用技术要点和设计方法的基础上，以天津市地矿珠宝公司改燃工程为实例，介绍了该工程运行系统的设计，并对系统冬季采暖运行实测数据进行了分析。结果表明：深部地层储能与水源热泵联合应用技术是一项与地质构造、水文地质条件、热(冷)负荷需求、室外温度变化、末端散热(冷)设备等多种因素相关的复杂系统。在地质条件和末端散热设备一定的前提下，室外温度是影响供暖系统运行状态参数变化的主要因素，随着室外温度的变化，系统运行参数也随之发生变化，系统运行时各参数之间相互变化规律可为今后相关的工程设计与应用提供有益的参考。     

夏热冬冷地区空气源热泵供暖特性实测与分析

以空气源热泵为热源设备,辐射地板为加热末端建立实验系统,基于双气候补偿冬季供暖模式进行监测与分析。在不同的室外环境下,分析出地板辐射系统对室内供热效果、各子系统的温度变化、制热性能的影响规律。为夏热冬冷地区的空气源热泵供暖的发展和提高系统的能效特性提供理论基础和实验依据。结果表明:夏热冬冷地区采用空气源热泵供暖的室内温度为17.0～23.0℃,湿度为25%～45%。采用双气候补偿技术时,室外温度波动会影响主机供水温度、地暖供水温度,并提高室内舒适度。空气源热泵供暖系统的平均小时制热性能比为2.90,双气候补偿对系统能效影响较小。     

资源地区农村住宅冬季室内热环境特征研究

为了研究资源地区农村住宅室内热环境规律特征,选取资源地区具有代表性的传统农村木结构民居和现代农村砖混民居,对夏季和冬季的室内外热环境参数进行测试,对测试结果回归分析,确定室内热环境随室外气候的变化规律,尤其是室内温度随室外温度的变化特征,建立室内热环境评价模型,为农村民居节能设计提供理论支持。     

换热站供暖系统分阶段等温差控制技术

为了控制建筑不同时段内室内温度差，提高供热系统服务质量，开展换热站供暖系统分阶段等温差控制方法的设计研究。根据前端用户的实际需求，确定系统的供水温度与室内温度之间的关系，计算在影响周期范围内，供热系统运行的失热量与供热量，累加计算两者的差值。此数值超出某一时段的数值时，启动供暖系统的补偿程序，驱动换热站供暖系统供热补偿行为；设计换热站热网的主动调节，提出基于热力调控的分阶段等温差控制方法，实现对温度的有效调控。以某地区居民建筑为例，设计实例应用实验。结果显示：提出的方法可以将建筑室内温度控制在供暖系统温度标准界限以上，有效控制建筑不同时段内室内温度差，以此提高供热系统的运行质量。     

农村沼气和太阳能联合供暖系统的实验研究

建立一种农村沼气和太阳能联合供暖系统,并在室外环境基本相同的条件下,与农村传统燃煤供暖系统进行对比试验,通过试验,分析农村沼气和太阳能联合供暖系统运行规律和节能效果,实际测量房间供水温度、室内空气温度、沼气池内温度、沼气消耗量、太阳辐射能、燃煤消耗量等性能参数。结果表明农村沼气和太阳能合供暖系统供暖能力强,运行稳定,解决冬季农村沼气池产气量低的问题,在实验条件下,整个系统每日供热量约326 MJ,且比传统燃煤供暖系统节能75.92%,经济上节约2791.29$,每年供暖期减排CO2 4726.58 kg。     

太阳能炕和Trombe墙相结合的新型太阳能采暖系统的数值研究

提出了Trombe墙与太阳能炕相结合的新型太阳能采暖系统,建立了新型太阳能采暖系统的理论模型。采用大连1月份的气象数据对该系统的室内温度、炕表面温度等进行数值模拟,讨论运行方式、有无辅助热源等对室内热环境的影响,并与单独采用太阳能炕或Trombe墙的采暖系统进行对比。计算结果显示,在Trombe墙和新型太阳能炕耦合运行模式,室内温度和炕面温度高于炕单独运行模式或Trombe墙单独运行模式;有辅助加热工况下室内热环境的稳定性优于没有辅助热源工况。     

海水热泵的冬季运行特性分析

海水容量巨大，冬季温度高于空气温度，可作为热泵的良好热源。介绍了海水热泵的工作原理，分析了恶劣条件下海水热泵的连续运行和间歇运行两种模式，计算了两种模式下的运行特性数据，为海水热泵的设计和应用提供了较好的参考。     

Assessment of Building External Wall Thermal Performance Based on Temperature Deviation Impact Factor under Discontinuous Radiant Heating

As the variation and timely meeting thermal environment requirement of indoor air temperature has a close relationship with the thermal performance of building external wall under discontinuous radiant heating condition, one appropriate assessment method or index for assessing the building external wall thermal performance is very necessary. In order to reasonably evaluate the thermal performance of external wall under discontinuous radiant heating condition and build the direct connections and interactions among the indoor air temperature, external wall inner surface temperature and outdoor air temperature, the first and second impact factors of temperature deviation were established, based on one mathematical model of room heat transfer. For one experimental room and four types of external walls under discontinuous radiant heating condition, both the influence of the external wall inner surface temperature deviation on the indoor air temperature and that of the outdoor air temperature deviation on the external wall inner surface temperature were determined effectively with the first and second impact factors of temperature deviation. In addition, favourable performance for the self-insulation and inner insulation walls were found, due to their superiority in effectively and timely improving the indoor thermal environment under discontinuous radiant heating condition.     

A numerical simulation tool for predicting the impact of outdoor thermal environment on building energy performance

A building affects its surrounding environment, and conversely its indoor environment is influenced by its surroundings. In order to obtain a more accurate prediction of the indoor thermal environment, it is necessary to consider the interactions between the indoor and outdoor thermal environments. However, there is still a lack of numerical simulation tools available for predicting the interactions between indoor and outdoor microclimate that take into account the influences of outdoor spatial conditions (such as building forms and tree shapes) and various urban surface materials. This present paper presents a simulation tool for predicting the effect of outdoor thermal environment on building thermal performance (heating/cooling loads, indoor temperature) in an urban block consisting of several buildings, trees, and other structures. The simulation tool is a 3D CAD-based design tool, which makes it possible to reproduce the spatial forms of buildings and constructed surface materials in detail. The outdoor thermal environment is evaluated in terms of external surface temperature and mean radiant temperature (MRT). Simulated results of these temperatures can be visualized on a color 3D display. Building heating/cooling loads and indoor air temperature (internal surface temperature) can also be simulated. In this study, a simulation methodology is described, and a sensitivity analysis is conducted for a wooden detached house under different outdoor conditions (building coverage, adjacent building height, surrounding with trees or no-trees). Simulation results show that the simulation tool developed in this study is capable of quantifying the influences of outdoor configurations and surface materials on both indoor and outdoor environments.     

可实现快速制热和除霜的蓄能型空气源热泵系统的实验研究

提出一种可快速制热和除霜的蓄能型空气源热泵系统,并在室外温度约-0.7℃,相对湿度约95%的雨雪天气条件下进行实验测试,结果表明,结霜过程中蓄热器可有效阻止室内机出风温度的下降,除霜过程中新系统的压缩机出力大,效率高。除霜用时比常规除霜缩短68%,除霜能耗比常规除霜减少51.4%,除霜末期室内机出风温度为28℃,比常规系统高22℃,几乎没有吹冷风感;新系统开机快速制热效果十分显著,其6 min的制热量相当于常规开机制热10 min的制热量,新系统显著提高了空气源热泵的供热效果。     

太阳能空气集热控制系统的研究

太阳能空气集热采暖系统作为一种简单有效的太阳能应用方式,渐渐引起了世界各国学者的广泛关注。然而,由于太阳能空气采暖的热源是太阳能,建筑室内环境很容易受室外天气影响,这使得建筑的热性能具有不确定性,为了解决上述问题,文中以单片机为控制核心,以温度、太阳辐射照度为输入参数,采用PID方法控制风机启闭及转速,获取最佳的风机运行状态,提高系统的供热效果及效率。     

A study on the performance enhancement of heat pump using electric heater under the frosting condition: Heat pump under frosting condition

The purpose of the present study is to enhance the heating capacity and increase COP under the frosting condition during heating operation of small capacity air-to-air heat pump. We applied an electric heater in front of outdoor unit of heat pump instead of indoor unit as usual. When the outdoor temperature is 2 °C/1 °C (DB/WB), the present heat pump turns on the electric heater in outdoor unit. The heating capacity increases 38.0% and COP increases 57.0% in comparison with those of conventional heat pump. When the outdoor temperature is 4 °C/2 °C (DB/WB), the electric heater is in ON/OFF mode according to the temperature of the evaporator. The heating capacity increases 9.1% and COP increases 71.1% in comparison with those of conventional heat pump.     

Experimental study on the performance of air source heat pump system with multiple parallel outdoor units

This paper presents a novel air source heat pump for heating of buildings named air source heat pump with multiple parallel outdoor units (ASHPMO). Multiple outdoor units were connected in parallel with the aim of realising alternate defrosting and uninterrupted heating simultaneously. An experimental apparatus of the ASHPMO system was developed. The defrosting performance was experimentally investigated under different outdoor air temperatures, outdoor air relative humidity, and condensation temperatures, among other factors. The test results showed that the novel ASHPMO system could provide continuous heating when defrosting even under an outdoor air temperature of −10°C. Variations in compressor vapour suction and discharge pressure and temperature were observed. The minimum heating capacity could still reach 60% of that without defrosting. Under the defrosting condition with outdoor air temperature −10°C, both the heating coefficient of performance (heating COP) and total energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the system can reach to 2.0 and 2.32, respectively.     

Experimental and numerical study of unsteady non-periodic wall heat transfer under step,ramp and cosine temperature perturbations

An experimental and numerical study of the transient non-periodic wall heat transfer problem is presented. A computer-controlled indoor/outdoor environment simulation system produces any desired variation of the air temperature, thus allowing measurement of the dynamic thermal behaviour of any test wall under the desired boundary conditions. Measurements of the temperature field within the wall, of the heat flow and of the convection coefficients at the wall surfaces are performed during step, ramp and cosine perturbations of the outdoor air temperature. The measurements are in very good agreement with the numerical predictions obtained by a developed finite difference solution procedure. The results showed that in building heat transfer applications, for example in air conditioning, the usual assumption of periodic outdoor conditions may lead to considerable errors in case of a significant temporary deviation of the temperature from periodicity.     

Experimental characterisation of a novel heat exchanger for a solar hot water application under indoor and outdoor conditions

The performance of a novel heat exchanger unit (‘Solasyphon’) developed for a solar hot water system was experimentally investigated under indoor and outdoor operating conditions. The ‘Solasyphon’ can be easily integrated to an existing single-coil hot water cylinder avoiding the need for costly twin-coil solar hot water storage. A series of tests were conducted under controlled indoor and real outdoor conditions to test and compare the performance of the ‘Solasyphon’ system with a traditional twin-coil (‘coil’) system. The analysis was based upon experimental data collected under various operating conditions including different primary supply temperatures (solar simulated); heating from ambient, heating with a partially stratified storage from ambient and finally under no draw-off and standard draw-off patterns. The outdoor testing was carried out on both systems separately over Summer/Autumn conditions in Northern Ireland. The results showed that the ‘Solasyphon’ system is more effective compared to a traditional twin-coil system for a domestic application where intermittent hot water demand is predominant and under a transient solar input particularly on intermediate or poor solar days. The ‘Solasyphon’ delivered solar heated water directly to the top of the storage producing a stratified supply at a useable temperature. The twin-coil system was found to be more efficient than the ‘Solasyphon’ system under a prolonged heating period.     

供暖燃料耗量与室外气象条件相随性研究

居住建筑的室内温度总是在高于规定温度的一定范围内波动。在建筑围护结构和管网敷设情况一定的情况下,供暖燃料的实际耗量只是随着室外气象条件的变化而变化。本文针对东营地区的地理位置和气候条件,采用理论分析和基本调查的方法给出了供暖期每天燃料耗量的具体算法,考虑了室外温度、天气情况和风速等三个因素对热耗量的影响。