破题“十二五”农村小城镇污水处理

近年来,随着我国城乡统筹发展进程的加快,农村小城镇建设有了较快地发展。但随着人口聚集、统一管理力量薄弱,农村小城镇生活污水垃圾污染问题日趋严重。环保部门数据显示,按照每人每年平均排放垃圾大约440公斤计算,全国农村小城镇年排放垃圾7040万吨;按照每人每年平均排放污水70吨计算,全国小城镇年排放污水112亿多吨。然而,农村小城镇污染治理却是我国大环境     

小城镇建设中的供能模式探讨

从分析小城镇家庭能源消费入手，结合我国小城镇实际，提出切实可行的小城镇供能模式，以促进可再生能源在我国小城镇地区的发展应用。     

小城镇生活能源消费的现状特征、趋势及对策

小城镇是新型城镇化的重要组成部分,未来有望承载30%左右的全国人口。随着小城镇居民对美好生活的需求日益增长,生活能源消费将成为我国新的能源消费增长点,因此正确引导和有效控制生活能源消费尤为必要。本文结合已有统计数据和实地走访调查,总结小城镇当前生活能源消费的现状特征,分析了小城镇未来生活能源消费趋势,建议将居民住宅节能作为控制小城镇生活能源消费的首选,并将清洁供暖作为推动北方小城镇控制能源消费的重中之重,同时建议因地制宜推动清洁能源和可再生能源在小城镇的应用,并积极引导居民用能习惯。     

我国小城镇水污染现状与趋势

简要概述我国小城镇水污染的现状及趋势,并结合实际情况提出小城镇水污染防治对策.     

夏热冬冷地区小城镇住宅屋面节能技术措施研究

通过三种不同屋面的构造方式,对夏热冬冷地区小城镇住宅的夏季隔热、冬季保温进行了全面分析研究,为适应小城镇经济特点,利用当地资源条件,改善夏热冬冷地区小城镇住宅室内热环境提供节能措施。     

小城镇电力线综合治理存在困难与对策

小城镇电网在其发展过程中,存在着与城市电网和农村电网的一些共性问题,其中"线乱拉"为其典型特征。结合浙江省在全省范围内开展的小城镇环境综合整治行动,在喜兴市王店中心镇环境综合整治中把"线乱拉"作为小城镇电网整治重点,介绍了小城镇综合整治电力线乱拉治理存在的困难及对策。     

节能减排在小城镇的探索

节能减排是巾央为了转变经济发展方式,应对能源和环境问题采取的一项重大决策.在我国近两万个小城镇里,分布着绝大多数的农村中小企业,这砦企业技术含量低、规模小、能耗高、污染严重,是节能减排的重要领域.我们在一些小城镇进行了探索,现以河北省鹿泉市宜安镇为例,总结小城镇推进节能减排的做法和经验,探索适合小城镇、适合农村小企业特点的节能减排的方式方法.     

寒冷地区小城镇住宅供热模式调研与分析

对我国寒冷地区小城镇现有供热模式进行调研,统计现存供热状况.通过走访调研辽宁鞍山某小城镇4户家庭,并结合其他文献对其供热模式进行分析.通过调研建筑的采暖方式、使用能源、室内环境以及人们对现有采暖方式的满意度等分别进行了调研,总结分析了小城镇现存各种供热模式的结构特点、工作原理、使用能源以及优缺点.火炕和土暖气适合小城镇这种居民分散地区的采暖,通过节能技术可以达到低碳排放,而煤炉采暖供热效率低下,污染严重,应被逐渐取缔.为探讨适用于小城镇供热模式的低碳节能技术提供了一定的参考.     

华北地区城镇住宅建筑采暖的调查与分析

对我国华北地区小城镇进行实地调研,考察了当地主要能源构成、住宅结构以及采暖方式。在此基础上分析了我国华北地区小城镇的冬季采暖状况,并指出目前存在的主要问题。最后对该地区小城镇清洁能源的保有情况和可利用性进行了初步分析。     

四川省小城镇饮用水源地现状、环境问题及对策研究

根据对四川省3507个小城镇集中式饮用水源地的基础信息、水质现状及管理状况等的调查,总结全省小城镇集中式饮用水源地存在的问题,在此基础上提出相应的环境保护对策措施。     

电热膜与地热采暖方式的对比

低温辐射电热膜供暖与低温地板辐射供暖是分户计量的两种主要形式。本文对二者各选择一个典型居室在两方面进行对比:24h的竖向温度场、相对湿度实测研究对比;一个采暖期的经济运行的实际测算对比。结论表明,目前二者各有利弊,而长远看低温地板辐射供暖将更有优势。     

会议室空调气流组织形式的数值模拟研究

办公区里的会议室为重要工作场所,其环境质量的优劣直接影响工作的效率。以计算流体力学和传热学为基础,利用CFD软件对室内混合通风与置换通风两种气流组织进行数值模拟。结果表明:在温度场、速度场、温度效率及人体热舒适性等方面,置换通风均优于混合通风方式。     

Thermal performance and embodied energy analysis of a passive house – Case study of vault roof mud-house in India

This paper investigates thermal performance of an existing eco-friendly and low embodied energy vault roof passive house (or mud-house) located at Solar Energy Park of IIT Delhi, New Delhi (India). Based on embodied energy analysis, the energy payback time for the mud-house was determined as 18 years. The embodied energy per unit floor area of R.C.C. building (3702.3 MJ/m²) is quiet high as compared to the mud-house (2298.8 MJ/m²). The mud-house has three rooms with inverted U-shape roof and remaining three rooms with dome shape roof. A thermal model of the house consisting of six interconnected rooms was developed based on energy balance equations which were solved by using fourth order Runge Kutta numerical method. The predicted six room air temperatures were found in good agreement with the experimental observed data on hourly basis in each month for one year. The annual heating and cooling energy saving potential of the mud-house was determined as 1481 kW h/year and 1813 kW h/year respectively for New Delhi composite climate. The total mitigation of CO₂ emissions due to both heating and cooling energy saving potential was determined as 5.2 metric tons/year. The annual carbon credit potential of mud-house was determined as € 52/year. Similar results were obtained for the different climatic locations in India.     

智能楼宇能源管理研究

介绍了智能楼宇能源管理的概念和意义,提出了智能楼宇能源管理系统的架构,并进行了系统设计,从而实现楼宇能源的监测与管理。该系统在保证楼宇环境舒适的前提下,同时能够优化能耗系统的运行,降低楼宇能耗。     

局部采暖建筑非采暖房间平均温度模拟分析

局部采暖建筑热负荷与非采暖房间室内平均温度和外围护结构热工参数密切相关。通过对西安、大连、长春三地的典型建筑在不同外围护结构保温方式下全面采暖和局部采暖进行能耗模拟分析后发现：处于不同气候分区的局部采暖建筑,非采暖房间室内平均温度有差别;建筑中功能相同的各非采暖房间,处在中间层的室内平均温度最高,底层次之,顶层最低,热负荷反之;且各非采暖房间室内平均温度难以满足热舒适的要求。局部采暖建筑中,部分房间热负荷高于相同外围护结构保温条件下全面采暖建筑对应房间的热负荷,但建筑热负荷低于全面采暖建筑的建筑热负荷。     

不同送风方式对热舒适度的影响

为了研究不同送风方式对空调房间内舒适度的影响,用实验方法测得下送风、侧送风和上送风3种方式下空调房间不同位置的热舒适度。实验结果表明,空调房间侧送风方式下的舒适性最好,此结论可为空调房间的设计提供参考。     

A discussion on thermal comfort with reference to bath water temperature to deduce a midpoint of the thermal comfort temperature zone

This paper discusses the importance of humidity to thermal comfort temperatures. The author has presented an indirect method for determining the midpoint of the thermal comfort temperature by analysing preferred bath water temperatures. The preferred temperatures were taken in bath/shower rooms when humidity was 100%. In these conditions the humidity was considered a constant. The paper rigorously tests the data to find out the degree of dependability of this data. The data is found to be quite reliable and then concludes that 24.6°C can be taken as the midpoint of the comfortable thermal zone in Malawi.     

An experimental and mathematical study of efforts of a novel photovoltaic‐Trombe wall on a test room

A novel photovoltaic‐Trombe wall (PV‐TW) is proposed and investigated experimentally and theoretically in this paper. The PV‐TW was installed at the south‐facing external wall of an environmental chamber that carried two identical test rooms. Both of the test rooms have a double window of the same size. One test room was installed with the PV‐TW (known as the PV‐TW room), and the other without PV‐TW (known as the reference room). The influence of the PV‐TW on the thermal environment of the test room was investigated under different operating conditions. The experimental results show the dual benefits of the PV‐TW system: improving the room thermal condition and at the same time generating electricity. Compared with the reference room, the maximum indoor temperature was found to be 5–7°C higher in winter, and the daily electrical output reached about 0.3 kWh with a PV cell area of 0.72 m². Also, a detailed model is given to evaluate the performance of PV‐TW theoretically, and the PV‐TW room is simulated under one certain operating condition. The simulated and measured air temperatures of PV‐TW room are found to be in good agreement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of single side ventilated and cross ventilated rooms by varying the width of the window opening using CFD

Natural ventilation contributes to the improvement of thermal comfort and quality conditions of the internal air and at the same time it is recognized very effective technique when applied properly. The present project refers to the numerical predictions of air velocities in cross and single-sided naturally ventilated rooms which are considered along with atmospheric zone. This is done for different sizes of the opening at particular height of the wall. Continuity and Momentum equations have been solved by control volume method. SIMPLE and SIMPLEC algorithm are used to solve these equations. Steady, k-ε turbulence model and incompressible flow of a constant property fluid under Boussinesq’s approximation have been considered. Air velocities were taken at various heights from middle of the opening and compared for single side ventilated and cross ventilated rooms. Air flow rate increases with increase of width of the opening.     

Neutral planes in stratified, thermally driven multiple-room enclosures

When an opening connects two rooms, the neutral plane is the vertical location in the opening at which no air exchange between the rooms occurs. The neutral plane is widely used in modeling and data analysis for predicting thermal performance of buildings but, when more than one occurs, determining their locations has in the past been muddled with algebraic complexity. We first define the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of multiple neutral planes and then provide a simple geometric method to locate them relative to each other.