微通道内气体-近壁颗粒流动传热数值模拟研究

数值模拟了微通道受限空间内气体-近壁颗粒流动与传热过程,所建模型考虑微尺度气体的可压缩与变物性特征,且在通道和颗粒壁面采用速度滑移和温度跳跃边界条件以考虑滑移区气体动量/能量非连续效应。在此基础上,计算分析了克努森数(Kn)和颗粒偏移比对颗粒表面拖曳力系数(C_D)以及传热努塞尔数(Nu)的影响规律。研究结果表明:受气体稀薄效应影响,颗粒表面拖曳力系数呈减小趋势,换热过程也相应削弱;随颗粒与壁面距离减小,颗粒表面拖曳力系数相应减小,而颗粒与其周围气体的传热过程由于近壁效应呈增强趋势。     

微通道轴向导热的拉曼测温实验研究及数值模拟

建立了使用共焦显微拉曼光谱图的微尺度水温测量方法,并用于单相水的对流传热实验。将实验与数值模拟相结合,研究了微通道内轴向导热对流体的传热影响。研究发现,通道入口处壁面热通量最大、液温和壁温均呈非线性发展;局部Nu数曲线出现奇异点,且奇异点位置随着雷诺数的增大往出口处移动;努塞尔数随着雷诺数的增大而增大。     

管间距对开缝翅片管换热器传热与阻力特性的影响

为了获得管间距对开缝翅片管换热器传热与阻力特性的影响规律,对5种不同翅片管换热器进行了数值模拟研究,并进行了模化试验验证。结果表明:开缝翅片管束的传热和阻力特性与翅片侧气体的Re数有关,随着Re数增大,翅片侧Nu数增大,摩擦因子f逐渐减小;纵向间距S2对开缝翅片管换热器的综合流动传热性能的影响较大。数值模拟与试验结果偏差较小,采用数值模拟方法能够比较准确地分析开缝翅片管换热器的传热与阻力特性。     

滑移区气体-颗粒流动与传热特性研究

针对气体-颗粒微尺度流动与传热过程开展数值模拟研究,所构建模型中气体处理为可压缩、变物性流体,并在颗粒表面采用速度滑移和温度跳跃边界条件以考虑气体稀薄效应。在数值模拟基础上,研究分析稀薄效应对颗粒与其周围气体流动与换热的影响程度,并进一步提出新的阻力系数与传热努谢尔特数关联式。研究结果表明,气体稀薄效应将减小颗粒阻力系数,同时抑制颗粒与其周围气体的传热过程。     

叉排板束换热器传热特性数值研究

为提高换热器的传热性能，设计了叉排板束换热器，利用Fluent软件中的RNG k-ε模型数值研究了叉排板束的传热特性。分析了叉排板束排数对于整体Nu的影响以及板束的局部传热特性，比较了不同横纵比对整体Nu的影响，并给出不同Re下叉排板束的Nu经验公式。实验结果表明：叉排板束整体传热性能随板排数的增多而增强，当达到一定排数后传热性能趋于稳定，不同Re下趋于稳定的排数不同，当Re=4.3×105时进入稳定阶段需13排，当Re=4.3×103时进入稳定阶段仅需7排；叉排板束局部传热性能在各板排中先增大后减小，在第2~4排局部Nu达到峰值，板的局部传热性能在两个直角处以及撞击点位置大大增强；板束在横纵比为5时传热性能最佳，横纵比大于或小于5时，传热性能均会减弱；给出Re在1~500，500~1 000，1 000~200 000范围内板束整体Nu拟合公式，当Re>30 000时，与叉排圆管束相比，叉排板束传热性能提高25%     

螺旋槽管束管外对流换热特性的数值模拟

针对烟气横掠顺列螺旋槽管束外侧的流动传热问题,利用CFD技术、通过改变顺列螺旋槽管束的横向、纵向间距、螺距、槽深等结构参数,对烟气横掠螺旋槽管管外的流动传热特性进行数值模拟,分析多几何参数对螺旋槽管管外流动传热特性的影响,得出强化传热的原因和合理的结构参数。研究表明:螺旋槽管束管外传热特性数Nu比光管管束高7%-20.6%;随横向间距的增大,管外传热特性数Nu减小,烟气流动阻力也随之减小;纵向间距的增大使管外传热特性数Nu和烟气流动阻力均增大;增加螺距或减小槽深都可以强化换热,但烟气流动阻力也会增大;综合考虑,螺旋槽管束的横、纵向间距分别取s1/d=1.75-2,s2/d=1.5-1.75,螺距P取25-30 mm,槽深e取0.4-1 mm。     

三角形微槽中的气体滑移流动特性

针对三角形微槽利用正交函数法求解了带一阶滑移边界条件的N-S方程，对不可压燃气体在等腰三角形和等边三角形微槽道内的充分发展层流滑移流动特性进行了理论分析，获得了三角形微槽内的速度分布和阻力特性的分析解，计算结果表明，正交函数法适用于三角形微槽内滑移流动特性的分析计算，在滑移流区，三角形微槽边界上出现滑移流动，且随着Knudsen数（气体分子的平均自由程与流道特征尺寸之比）的增大，壁面上的滑移速度越大，流动阻力随之减小，但三角形微槽的三个角区边界上的滑移速度增加较小，三角形微槽的高宽比对无量纲阻力常数随Kn的变化关系影响很小。     

超疏水表面滑移流动的模拟研究

采用计算流体动力学方法,应用Fluent软件,在壁面条件中给定滑移速度边界条件,对超疏水表面和普通表面构成的微间距平行平板通道内单侧滑移流动进行了数值模拟。在给定条件下无量纲压降比最大可达18.5%,滑移长度最大可达188μm;针对文献[12]的单侧滑移实验条件进行了二维数值模拟,结果表明:理论压降差要小于实验压降差,比实验压差要小9.2%～11.2%。     

等温热源微通道单相液体层流换热特性

对Dh=0.82mm的矩形微通道阵列内等温热源作用下层流传热特性进行了实验和数值模拟。实验中使用常温自来水提供等温热源。微通道流体流动雷诺数Re=100～900,传热温差50K,将所得数据与常规尺度均匀壁温加热下N-S方程的数值解法结果进行对比。结果表明,在Re300时,Nu数随着Re数的增加而增加;而在Re350时,实验所得Nu数近似为常数。将发展入口条件的数值模拟结果与实验结果比较,前者比后者高7.2%。     

二维T型微通道内液滴生成的数值模拟

采用Fluent中"流体体积"模型对二维T型微通道内液滴的生成进行了数值模拟,考察了连续相毛细数、流量比、黏性比对液滴尺寸和液滴间距的影响,与实验结果进行了对比,吻合较好。计算结果表明,液滴长度随毛细数增大而减小且存在幂率关系,随流量比的增大而线性增大,随黏性比增大而略微增大且无明显函数关系;此外,液滴间距随毛细数增大而线性增大,随流量比增大而减小且存在幂率关系,随黏性比增大而略微增大且无明显函数关系。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．