笼屉式水箱中膨胀石墨对石蜡熔化和凝固过程的影响

为研究膨胀石墨对石蜡熔化和凝固性能的影响,对膨胀石墨石蜡复合相变蓄热材料的熔化和凝固过程进行数值分析,并与纯石蜡相变蓄热材料的熔化和凝固过程进行对比.且分析不同含量的膨胀石墨及不同壁面温度对石蜡熔化和凝固过程的影响,结果表明:石蜡中添加膨胀石墨能明显缩短石蜡的熔化和凝固时间,且熔化和凝固时间都随着膨胀石墨含量的增加而减少;在同种工况下,与纯石蜡对比,添加1％、2％、5％膨胀石墨的复合石蜡熔化时间分别减少2.14、2.81、9.74倍;凝固时间则分别减少0.77、1.05、3.76倍;壁面温度对复合石蜡的熔化过程影响显著,而对凝固过程影响程度不佳;其中在初始温度相同的条件下,与壁面温度为327 K的工况下5％EG复合石蜡全部熔化的时间对比,壁面温度为332 K及337 K的工况下5％EG复合石蜡全部熔化的时间分别缩短了0.83、1.58倍.     

基于LBM的泡沫金属与翅片相变储能系统性能对比分析

为了研究翅片和泡沫金属铜对相变储能系统性能的影响,使用四参数随机生长法（QSGS）构建了孔隙密度（PPI）分别为20PPI、30PPI的泡沫铜复合相变材料模型,并构建了等铜质量的翅片相变材料模型。在此基础上,采用格子玻尔兹曼（LBM）数值模拟方法对相变材料（PCM）的储/放热过程进行了数值模拟,基于努塞尔数、液相率、PCM流动速度、PCM熔化/凝固时间对比分析了添加翅片以及添加泡沫金属结构对相变材料换热性能的影响。结果表明,在储热过程中,由于泡沫金属的存在会抑制熔化过程中对流换热的发展,双翅片结构的努塞尔数高于泡沫金属结构,熔化时间更短,相比于20PPI、30PPI泡沫铜复合相变材料分别缩短了28.55%、17.5%;在放热过程中,泡沫金属的存在会增加热传导面积,泡沫金属结构的凝固速度高于翅片结构,30PPI泡沫金属结构的凝固时间相比于翅片、20PPI泡沫铜复合相变材料分别缩短了65.80%、20.24%。综合考虑储放热两个过程,30PPI泡沫金属结构的总储放热时间最短,相比于翅片、20PPI泡沫铜复合相变材料分别缩短了27.81%、15.32%。在耗费相同金属材料的条件下,采用泡沫结...     

蓄能互联热泵系统相变装置熔化与凝固过程特性分析

介绍了一种新型的蓄能互联热泵系统.利用数值模拟的方法对填充石蜡C17的球型蓄热单元的熔化与凝固过程进行研究,分析了球壁温度、相变单元尺寸和相变材料初始温度三种影响因素对熔化过程和球壁温度对凝固过程的影响.通过对两个过程对比发现相变单元尺寸对相变过程影响最大,在相同温差条件下完全熔化时间少于完全凝固时间,熔化过程中始终存...     

菱形腔内相变材料接触熔化分析

对菱形腔内固体相变材料的接触熔化进行了理论分析.建立了菱形腔内接触熔化分析模型,应用Nusselt 液体边界层理论求解接触熔化区熔化液体的流动控制方程,得到了液膜厚度、熔化速度和熔化体积的无量纲解析表达式.对熔化过程中腔体夹角以及熔化温差Ste的影响规律进行了分析,得到了决定固体完全熔化时间的特征参数,为工程应用提供了一定理论参考.     

石墨泡沫/石蜡储热装置的凝固过程分析

石蜡相变材料的导热系数较小,严重影响了其传热速率和凝固速率。通过对填充石墨泡沫/石蜡的储能系统进行凝固过程的模拟,确定了石墨泡沫对相变储能系统性能的影响。研究结果表明石墨泡沫不仅大大缩短了相变凝固时间,也使储能系统的温度分布更加均匀;通过分析冷却水进口速度和温度对复合相变材料的凝固过程的影响,说明随着冷却水进口速度的增大和温度的降低,传热速率加快,凝固时间缩短。分析了复合材料相变区的自然对流对相变过程的影响,模拟结果证明自然对流能在一定程度上加快相变材料的凝固过程。     

Solidification process analysis of a heat storage device containing graphite foam and paraffin

石蜡相变材料的导热系数较小,严重影响了其传热速率和凝固速率。通过对填充石墨泡沫/石蜡的储能系统进行凝固过程的模拟,确定了石墨泡沫对相变储能系统性能的影响。研究结果表明石墨泡沫不仅大大缩短了相变凝固时间,也使储能系统的温度分布更加均匀;通过分析冷却水进口速度和温度对复合相变材料的凝固过程的影响,说明随着冷却水进口速度的增大和温度的降低,传热速率加快,凝固时间缩短。分析了复合材料相变区的自然对流对相变过程的影响,模拟结果证明自然对流能在一定程度上加快相变材料的凝固过程。     

方形蓄热单元内铝铜合金熔化和凝固特性数值模拟

对中心带有恒温换热圆管的方形蓄热单元内铝铜合金的熔化和凝固过程进行数值模拟,研究相变材料(PCM)的熔化和凝固特性以及蓄热单元宽高比对PCM熔化和凝固特性的影响,并探讨蓄热面积系数对蓄热单元最佳宽高比的影响。结果显示,对于中心换热管直径为20mm、横截面积为6400mm~2的方形蓄热单元,PCM的熔化和凝固时间均随宽高比的增加呈现先缩短后增长的变化趋势,且当宽高比为1.56时,PCM的熔化时间最短,定义其为该潜热蓄热量条件下蓄热单元的最佳熔化宽高比;当宽高比为1.00时,PCM的凝固时间最短,定义其为方形蓄热单元的最佳凝固宽高比。此外,当蓄热面积系数增加时,蓄热单元的最佳熔化宽高比出现增大趋势,而最佳凝固宽高比保持不变。方形蓄热单元的宽高比应结合实际应用条件进行合理选择。     

双翅片矩形相变储能单元蓄热性能实验研究

以双翅片矩形相变储能单元为研究对象,开展不同边界温度下（50℃、55℃、64℃、69℃、73℃）相变材料熔化过程的可视化实验,通过观察相变材料固液相变界面、温度和液相率变化分析储能单元内相变材料的熔化行为和传热规律,探究不同边界温度对储能单元蓄热性能的影响。研究表明：熔化后期储能单元内出现的熔化死角极大延长了蓄热时间,熔化死角用时比均大于30%;边界温度增加,固液相界面形状无明显变化,相变材料内温度分布及变化趋势相似,但固液相界面演化进程加快,自然对流加强,相变材料内温度分布不均匀性最大增加60%,相变温度最大增加2.9℃;边界温度从50℃提高至73℃时,完全熔化时间缩短510 min,且边界温度越低时(Fo)/(Ste)越大,表明在边界温度较低时,增加边界温度对相变材料的强化传热效果更明显。     

Numerical simulations on performance enhancement of a cross-flow latent thermal energy storage heat exchanger

基于列管式换热器具有传热面积大、结构紧凑、操作弹性大等优点,使其在相变储能领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文建立一种新型列管式相变蓄热器模型,在不考虑自然对流的情况下,利用Fluent软件对相变蓄热器进行二维储热过程的数值模拟。本文主要研究斯蒂芬数、雷诺数、列管排列方式、肋片数以及相变材料的导热系数对熔化过程的影响,并对熔化过程中固液分界面的移动规律进行了分析。模拟结果表明,内肋片强化换热效果明显,特别是对应用低导热系数相变材料[导热系数小于1 W/(m·K)]的列管式蓄热器,相对于无肋片结构,加入肋片（N_fn=2）可缩短熔化时间52.6%。     

蓄冷球凝固的FLUENT数值模拟研究

利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT凝固／熔化模型对一种相变材料蓄冷球的凝固过程进行数值模拟研究,得到了在第一类边界条件下蓄冷球凝固过程的温度场分布,相界面移动规律,并分析了凝固时间与壁面温度和球径的关系。本文所得到的结论对相变问题的数值模拟以及相变蓄能装置的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

Discharge mode for encapsulated PCMs in storage tanks

This paper is aimed at analysing the behaviour of encapsulated salt hydrates, used as latent energy storage in a heat transfer system of a domestic hot water tank. The salt is a eutectic mixture of hydrate nitrates of ammonium and magnesium, with low melting temperature, already tested for latent heat storage in domestic applications. In the discharge mode, cold water enters the tank and flows on the encapsulated melted PCM, which is cooled and solidified. In the initial condition the PCM is at its melting temperature. Suddenly its external surface is cooled to a constant temperature T₀; the duration of the solidification represents the time in which the latent heat is released to water. The discharge process of the phase change material (PCM) is analyzed analytically and its effectiveness is assessed, for constant surface temperature conditions, in three different geometrical configurations, i.e. considering the PCM encapsulated in slab, cylindrical or spherical polyethylene containers. The focus is on a model of the moving boundary within the phase-change material during the discharging mode, and the duration of the phenomenon. Results shown include transient position of the moving surface, temperature distribution, amount of solid PCM, energy released, and duration of complete solidification. The influence of the geometry and the Jacob number on the ending time of solidification is investigated. Among different geometrical configurations of the PCM, it is found that the shortest time for complete solidification is matched for small spherical capsules, with high Jacob numbers and thermal conductivity.     

Role of tree-shaped fins in charging performance of a latent heat storage unit

The performance enhancement of latent heat storage (LHS) units is of great consequence for the development of sustainable energy. In this article, the transient models of phase-change heat transfer processes in LHS units with consideration of natural convection are developed and numerically analyzed, in an effort to explore the role of the fractal tree-shaped fin in the energy charging performance. The solid-liquid interface evolution and dynamic temperature response in the tree-shaped finned LHS unit are presented and compared with the wheel-shaped one. Moreover, the influence of the fin number is investigated for maximizing the energy charging performance. The results indicate that the tree-shaped fin has merits of effective layout optimization for the point-to-area heat transfer and the time-coordination of energy charging and discharging process. Compared with the wheel-shaped fin, the melting duration time is decreased only a little for the presence of tree-shaped fin, however, the solidification process is decreased significantly. The presence of tree-shaped fin leads to a lower energy charging rate during the early and middle stages of the charging process due to the natural convection suppression, however, the energy charging rate is faster during the later stage due to the thermal conduction dominated interior heat transfer. For maximizing the melting performance, the appropriate fin number in practical applications is 16.     

Coupled radiation and solidification heat transfer inside a graded index medium by finite element method

Effects of thermal radiation on solidification heat transfer must be considered inside semitransparent media. This paper investigates coupled heat transfer of solidification and radiation within a two-dimensional rectangular semitransparent medium having gradient index. Solidification process is supposed to happen at some temperature range, and accordingly three zones including liquid-, solid- and mushy-zones exist in phase-change media. In different phase field, parameters of thermophysical property are assumed different and those of radiative property are assumed same. Governing equation includes conduction, radiation and phase-change terms, and radiation and phase-change are treated as source terms in the equation, respectively. A Galerkin finite element method is used to solve energy equation of coupled radiation and phase-change heat transfer. This paper analyzes effect of thermal radiation on phase-change heat transfer and those of refractive index distributions on temperature fields and liquid fraction distributions during radiation–solidification coupled heat transfer. From the results, we can find that refractive index gradient has a major influence on phase-change process and compared with the case of smaller index gradient, bigger gradient can speed up phase-change heat transfer in semitransparent media.     

Performance Analysis of Heat Sinks With Phase-Change Materials Subjected to Transient and Cyclic Heating

Phase-change cooling technique is a suitable method for thermal management of electronic equipment subjected to transient or cyclic heat loads. The thermal performance of a phase-change based heat sink under cyclic heat load depends on several design parameters, namely, applied heat flux, cooling heat transfer coefficient, thermophysical properties of phase-change materials (PCMs), and physical dimensions of phase-change storage system during melting and freezing processes. A one-dimensional conduction heat transfer model is formulated to evaluate the effectiveness of preliminary design of practical PCM-based energy storage units. In this model, the phase-change process of the PCM is divided into melting and solidification subprocesses, for which separate equations are written. The equations are solved sequentially and an explicit closed-form solution is obtained. The efficacy of analytical model is estimated by comparing with a finite-volume-based numerical solution for both transient and cyclic heat loads.     

高温肋板式蓄热器蓄/放热特性的数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学方法对高温不锈钢肋板式相变蓄热器的蓄/放热特性进行了数值模拟。分析了多孔肋片和锯齿肋片对蓄热器蓄/放热特性的影响以及载热体入口温度和流量对相变材料熔化和凝固速度的影响,计算结果表明:在该新型肋板式相变蓄热器中,多孔翅片的性能优于锯齿肋片;随着蓄热器传热温差的增大和载热体流量的增加,蓄热器的蓄/放热性能越好;肋片作为换热元件可以很好的提高蓄热器的蓄/放热性能。所得结论可为高温肋板式蓄热器的优化设计提供有益的参考。     

Numerical Method for Calculation of Complete Casting Processes—Part I: Theory

This article presents a method for calculation of the complete casting process, including the pouring of the liquid metal into the mold, its solidification, the deformation of the solidified cast, the formation of airgaps between the cast and the mold and their influence on the heat transfer, and the residual stresses. An original phase-change procedure is developed, valid for an arbitrary number of pure metals and/or alloys. A collocated version of a segregated finite-volume method is used to calculate both the liquid metal flow and the deformations and stresses in solids.     

OSCILLATORY CONVECTION IN SOLIDIFYING PURE METALS

A two-dimensional numerical study that models solidification of a pure metal in a horizontal crucible by using a finite-volume-enthalpy method has been carried out. The primary goals of the investigation are to assess the influence of phase change on the known transition to time-periodic convection and to predict the critical parameters associated with this phenomenon. Numerical simulations reveal the influence of the dimensionless solidification temperature T_s, on the critical value of the Grashof number Gr_crit. The influence is found to be directly related to an effective aspect ratio of the liquid part of the cavity. When T_s is increased, it is found that oscillatory convection takes place at a higher Grashof number and with slightly higher frequency. However, varying the Stefan number Ste has small influence on the critical parameters. The critical value of Gr for the onset of the oscillation is determined by carrying out a series of time-dependant calculations.     

Enthalpy porosity model for melting and solidification of pure-substances with large difference in phase specific heats

A modified enthalpy porosity formulation is introduced to capture melting and solidification of pure substances. When melting and solidification of pure substances are addressed by the fixed grid based volume averaging technique, it is possible to obtain two equivalent and interchangeable mathematical formulations of the energy conservation equation if the governing equation is expressed in terms of temperature as the primary dependent variable. Between these two formulations, only one form is shown to provide physically consistent numerical solutions when very large difference in specific heats for liquid and solid phases is involved. A modified enthalpy updating scheme is proposed to predict the solid/liquid fraction during melting and solidification process of pure substances having large difference in phase specific heats. The results from the proposed scheme are validated with the existing results from literature involving numerical prediction of freezing of water. The physical consistency of the simulation results obtained by solving two interchangeable forms of energy conservation equation is tested and compared considering a case study involving melting of ice. While one of the conservation forms fails to predict the melting process, the other conservation form successfully predicts physically consistent result. The proposed formulation is capable of predicting melting and solidification of all pure substances including those with large difference in phase specific heats such as water and paraffin wax.